周初德性政治观初探

发布时间：2018-03-31 05:11

本文选题：西周　切入点：初期　出处：《河北师范大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：权力的来源问题，或者说政治统治的合法性问题，是中西政治哲人共同关注的焦点问题。君权神授是古代世界普遍存在的一种权力来源思想，但是，中国的君权神授思想还带有强烈的德性政治的特征，从而使得中国传统的政治观带有强烈的伦理特征。这种伦理政治观的核心就是“德”，它形成于西周初期。以周公为代表的周初统治者认真总结了夏商周以来的三代兴亡的历史经验教训，对夏商以来作为政治统治精神支柱的天命有了新的认识。他们充分地认识到，，天命是不会永远属于一家一姓的，它是“惟德是辅”的，只有有“德”的人才会得到天命的眷顾。这样，周初统治者就将政治关注的焦点从不可捉摸的上天和神灵转移到人类社会自身。这就是周公的“以德配天”思想。在“以德配天”思想的指导下，周公又进一步考察了夏商周三代兴亡中民的政治作用，将德与民联系在一起，从而提出了以如何对待民为核心内容的“敬德保民”与“明德慎罚”的政治观。其中敬德保民是核心，明德慎罚是敬德保民的具体化和侧重点。这既是政治理性的觉醒，又是中国传统民本思想的滥觞。这种德性政治观，不但有着具体的“敬德保民”“明德慎罚”的政治内容，而且以“选建明德”和“同心同德”名义，在分封制和宗法制上得到了制度保证。周初德性政治观的法典化是周代政治统治能够长期维持的重要原因。周初的德性政治观不但在宗法制和分封制上得到保证，而且通过将“孝”这种伦理秩序作为“德”的基本内容规定为一种礼制秩序的方法，又将政治统治、伦理秩序和社会风俗融合在一起，从而使得周的政治统治得到了社会秩序的支持。
[Abstract]:The source of power, or the legitimacy of political rule, is the focus of common concern of Chinese and Western political philosophers. Divine monarchy is a common source of power in the ancient world, but, In China, the idea of divine teaching of monarchy also has the characteristics of strong virtue politics, which makes the traditional political view of China have strong ethical characteristics, the core of which is "virtue", which was formed in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. The rulers of early Zhou, represented by Zhou Gong, conscientiously summed up the historical experiences and lessons of the rise and fall of three generations since the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, and had a new understanding of the destiny as the spiritual pillar of political rule since the Xia and Shang dynasties. Destiny will not belong to one family and one surname forever, it is "only morality is auxiliary", only those who have "virtue" will get the blessing of heaven. In this way, In the early Zhou Dynasty, the rulers shifted the focus of political attention from the inscrutable heaven and the gods to the human society itself. This was the Zhou Gong's thought of "matching Heaven with virtue". Under the guidance of the thought of "matching Heaven with Virtue", Zhou Gong also made a further study of the political works of the rise and fall of the Chinese people in the three dynasties of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. By linking morality with the people, this paper puts forward a political view of "respecting morality and protecting the people" and "prudent punishment", in which respecting morality and protecting the people are the core contents, and how to treat the people as the core content. This is not only the awakening of political reason, but also the origin of Chinese traditional people-oriented thought. This kind of moral political view not only has the political content of "respecting morality and protecting people" and "Mingde discreet punishment". Moreover, in the name of "selecting Jianming morality" and "one mind and one morality", it was guaranteed by the system of enfeoffment and patriarchal system in the early Zhou Dynasty. The legalization of the concept of governance was an important reason why the political rule of Zhou Dynasty could be maintained for a long time. The political view of virtue in the early Zhou Dynasty was not only guaranteed by the patriarchal system and the system of partition. Moreover, by defining the ethical order "filial piety" as the basic content of "morality" as a kind of ritual order, political rule, ethical order and social order are also put forward. The social order supported Zhou's political rule.
【学位授予单位】：河北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D092

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