秩序与和谐的追寻——孔子与柏拉图和谐社会构想之比较

发布时间：2018-04-17 04:07

本文选题：孔子 + 柏拉图　；参考：《湖南大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： “和谐社会”是人类自古以来的永恒追求。以孔子为代表的先秦儒家构想的“大同世界”代表了中国古代追求和谐社会的最高境界。古希腊时期的柏拉图提出的“理想国”是集合了政治学、伦理学、本体论和认识论于一体,为后人展现了一副超越现实国度的彼岸世界蓝图。由于生活环境、理论背景和思维方式的不同,这两种“和谐社会”在构建思路和表现形式上不尽相同。把它们放在一起进行某种比较,通过彼此的对照,有利于我们重新认识“大同世界”和“理想国”本身所蕴含的价值理念,并从中获得重要的借鉴意义和启示。在“大同世界”构想中,孔子以某种“自然秩序”作为人类社会秩序创建的伦理范式和标准,以“仁爱”为原则,通过人与人之间的彼此感化和包容建立起一个关爱彼此的和谐世界。柏拉图的“理想国”则是在“善”的理念的规定下,以“理性秩序”为理想范本、以“正义”为基本原则,通过社会公民的不相互僭越、各自担当自己的责任、发挥自己的作用、保持自己的德性而建立起来。这两种社会理想的构建思路不同,他们以不同的方式、从不同的维度各自揭示了社会某一方面的内在秩序及其之所以和谐的根本原因。孔子与柏拉图不仅阐述了构建和谐社会的原则和方式,还积极致力于探寻和谐社会的实践方案,试图提出使社会秩序呈现稳定和谐的具体政策方法。他们对于构建理想社会的经济主张、治国方略、施教原则以及政体设计等一系列问题的提出和思考,充分说明了和谐社会理想不仅仅是一种只提出严格论证的哲学概念,更是一种能积极地影响人们生活的伦理指导。不可否认的是,不论是孔子的“大同世界”还是柏拉图的“理想国”,反映的都是哲人对于超越现实生活的期盼；都试图用一种超验的规范来衡量和批判现实世界。这种做法不可避免地在具体操作层面上远离了人的生存境遇,最终成为无法走进的海市蜃楼。然而,我们却无法忽视孔子与柏拉图和谐社会理想所散放出来的思想光芒。“大同世界”和“理想国”都充分展示出哲人对于至善真理的孜孜追求。他们提出的这样一种理论“范式”,其本身对现实就具有指导意义。孔子与柏拉图或因重人的自然性和情感性,或因重人的超自然性和理性,都真正依据人类某一方面的本性揭示出了社会和谐的某一方面的本质要求。这为我们揭开了一个重要的启示：构建和谐社会离不开情感和理性这两个方面的道德原则,和谐社会既需要内在秩序的公正也需要外在开放的包容。
[Abstract]:Harmonious society "is the eternal pursuit of mankind since ancient times."The idea of "Great Harmony World", represented by Confucius, represented the supreme state of the pursuit of a harmonious society in ancient China.Plato in ancient Greece put forward "the Republic" is a collection of politics, ethics, ontology and epistemology in one, for future generations to show a beyond the reality of the world blueprint.Due to the difference of living environment, theoretical background and mode of thinking, the two "harmonious societies" are different in their ideas and forms of expression.By comparing them together and comparing them with each other, it is helpful for us to re-understand the value concepts contained in "the Great World" and "the Republic" itself, and to gain important reference and enlightenment from them.In the conception of "Great Harmony World", Confucius took some kind of "natural order" as the ethical paradigm and standard for the creation of human social order, and took "benevolence" as the principle.Build a harmonious world of caring for each other through mutual influence and tolerance between people.Plato's "Republic" is under the "good" concept, "rational order" as the ideal model, "justice" as the basic principle, through the social citizens do not cross each other, each bear their own responsibilities.Develop one's own role, maintain one's virtue and build up.These two kinds of social ideals have different ideas of construction. They reveal the internal order of a certain aspect of the society and the fundamental reason of its harmony in different ways and from different dimensions.Confucius and Plato not only expounded the principles and methods of constructing a harmonious society, but also actively devoted themselves to exploring the practical scheme of a harmonious society, and tried to put forward concrete policy methods to make the social order appear stable and harmonious.They put forward and pondered a series of problems, such as the economic proposition of constructing ideal society, the general plan of governing the country, the principle of teaching and the design of polity, which fully explained that the ideal of harmonious society is not only a philosophical concept that only puts forward strict argumentation.It is also an ethical guidance that can positively influence people's lives.It is undeniable that both Confucius'"Great Harmony World" and Plato's "Republic" reflect the philosophers' expectations for transcending real life and try to measure and criticize the real world with a transcendental norm.This kind of practice inevitably moves away from the human existence condition in the concrete operation level, finally becomes the mirage which cannot enter.However, we can not ignore the scattered thoughts of Confucius and Plato's ideal of harmonious society.Both Datong World and the Republic fully demonstrate the philosophers' assiduous pursuit of the supreme truth.They put forward such a theoretical "paradigm", which itself has guiding significance to reality.Confucius and Plato, either because of the emphasis on human nature and emotion, or because of the emphasis on human nature and reason, have really revealed the essential requirements of a certain aspect of social harmony according to the nature of a certain aspect of human beings.This reveals an important revelation for us: the construction of a harmonious society can not be separated from the two aspects of the moral principles of emotion and rationality, and the harmonious society needs both the justice of internal order and the tolerance of external openness.
【学位授予单位】：湖南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D09

【引证文献】