《唐律疏议》礼治观探究

发布时间：2018-05-03 07:13

本文选题：《唐律疏议》 + 礼治　；参考：《南开大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：人类的政治实践史表明，国家统治与管理是政治生活中的重大问题，也是政治学研究的重要内容。由于环境与文化的差异，近代以前中西在国家统治与管理上，有不同的关注重心与演化路径。这种不同表现为，中国古代侧重于以礼治国，通过以礼为主要手段并结合法等其他方式对国家与社会进行管理，以实现政治统治；而西方一直侧重于以法治国，通过法律途径以及相关制度对国家与社会进行管理，以期达到民主政治的目的。这种比较深刻地反映在中国古代的国家治理中，礼发挥着与法一样的作用，因而，它一定具有其内在的优势与特色。基于家国同构的社会格局，礼的道德意义与政治原则相联系，具有了集规范、制度与观念为一体的特征。它才既能培育人的道德品质，又能规范人的外在行为，从而使人的“心”与“行”能合于道。正是礼的这种特性，适合了中国传统政治统治的需要，成为国家治理实践活动的指导原则。在国家政治实践中，道德意义的礼上升到治国的高度，这在人类政治史上是极为罕见的。因而，礼治是中国传统政治的特色，也是中国传统政治文化的核心。礼的基本精神是“亲亲”与“尊尊”，在于维护等级社会关系与宗法制度。随着社会的发展，经过西周的礼治——秦的法治——汉初的道治的治国模式转换，礼的内容逐渐扩展并愈加突出尊君的色彩，到西汉时期，礼治在与法治的博弈中胜出，为统治阶级所选择而确立为国家治理的基本模式。与政治实践相适应，礼治思想于春秋时期获得理论化形态，之后经过先秦儒家的发展与完善，特别是荀子的“隆礼重法”思想初步形成了礼治思想的基本架构，到汉武帝时，董仲舒对礼治思想加工与改造，使其成为一个兼容礼、法、道等内容的思想体系，并不断整合其他思想成分，从而适应了大一统君主专制统治的需要而上升为治国思想，并影响中国古代国家治理实践，一直到清末。中国传统政治文化以儒家思想为主体，而礼治思想就是儒家思想的核心内容，它的精髓在于维护等级社会秩序与实现君主专制统治。作为治国思想，礼治思想的影响是广泛的，特别是汉代以后的法律儒家化使礼逐渐渗透于法之中，使得传统法律具有伦理化特征，而礼法结合也是礼治思想的基本特征，是礼治思想制度化的表现。《唐律疏议》是中华法系的典范，代表了中国古代政治法律文化和立法技术的水平，特别是其中礼与法结合圆融成熟，代表了古代礼治思想的成熟形态，即“德礼为政教之本，刑罚为政教之用”的礼治思想。这既是中国古代治国经验与思想的系统总结，又是唐代政治法律文化的集中表现，因而，以《唐律疏议》为对象，研究其中的礼治思想，是进行传统政治文化研究不可或缺的内容。本论文以《唐律疏议》为对象，利用政治文化研究方法，对《唐律疏议》中蕴含的礼治思想进行全面、系统、深入地考察，既从政治看待传统法律，又从法律折射政治，体现了文化与制度相统一的研究视角。论文在认真吸收和充分利用已有的研究成果的基础上，将礼治思想放在传统社会的历史长时段进行系统地分析与考察，阐释了礼治思想得以形成的历史过程，分析了这一政治文化现象的特色与它的基本思想精神，并进一步揭示礼治思想与古代法律制度的关系，指出“德礼为政教之本，刑罚为政教之用”是中国古代礼治治国思想的基本原则，也是古代法律制定的指导和实施的标准。在此基础上，论文重点分析了《唐律疏议》中的礼治思想。指出《唐律疏议》中的礼治思想是经过历史发展的流变，，已经成熟并成为一个有着内在逻辑结构与基本内容的思想体系，即君权至上观是礼治思想的政治价值取向，家族本位主义是礼治思想的社会伦理基础，等级差别论是礼治思想的基本内核，人本主义是礼治思想的外部特征，礼刑兼用思想是礼治思想的实现途径，这些内容相互联系、相互影响共同构成一个整体。分析了《唐律疏议》中礼治思想之后，结合唐代政治社会实际状况与唐律的历史地位，对礼治思想的实践效果、社会影响进行了阐释，以达到较为全面地了解中国古代的礼治思想。最后，论文对中国古代礼治思想进行了现代解读，指出礼治思想是一定的社会－历史－文化的产物，它是与古代中国经济、政治相结合的政治文化模式，但对现代社会建设也有一定借鉴意义。礼治思想不仅为古代政治统治提供了合法性，使其适应了小农经济基础，还具有巨大的传承性和稳固性，致使古代大一统的君主专制政治实践始终未变。因而，礼治思想作为古代政治实践的指导思想，在历史上为维护专制政治统治发挥了十分重要的作用。尽管如此，礼治思想的历史局限性也是非常明显的。礼治思想本质上是地主阶级的统治文化，是为维护地主阶级统治服务的，对广大人民而言，它是压迫工具和奴役手段，属于落后的政治文化。就礼治思想在国家治理实践中而言，以道德方法来解决政治问题，显然，复杂的政治问题简单化，政治权力深入社会各个方面，制约了社会的活力。从礼治思想与西方法治思想相比较看，礼治思想与伦理政治相关，法治思想与法理政治相关，即使在礼治思想指导下的政治统治能够获得价值合理性的认同，但是也要使这种统治具有工具理性的认同和形式上的合法（即大家普遍认可和承认的统治），而礼治思想中，显然缺少法治思想中的现代精神。尽管如此，礼治思想与法治思想一样，也蕴含有一些超越时空、超越种族、宗教信仰和文化背景差异的共同价值，诸如规范认同，礼让精神，人与自然的和谐相处，德法互补等，这些对当前建设社会主义政治文明与构建和谐社会仍然有一定的借鉴意义。
[Abstract]:The history of human political practice shows that state rule and management are important issues in political life and an important content of political studies. Due to the difference between environment and culture, China and Western countries have different focus and evolutionary path in state rule and management before modern times. In order to achieve the political rule, the West has been focusing on the rule of law and the management of the state and society through legal channels and related systems in order to achieve the purpose of democratic politics. This kind of reflection is deeply reflected in the state governance of ancient China. In reason, rites play the same role as law, and therefore, it must have its inherent advantages and characteristics. Based on the social pattern of domestic isomorphism, the moral meaning of rites is associated with the political principles. It has the characteristics of the integration of norms, system and concept. It can not only cultivate the moral quality of human beings, but also regulate the external behavior of people, thus making it possible to regulate human behavior. It is the character of man's "heart" and "line". It is this characteristic of rites, which is suitable for the needs of Chinese traditional political rule and the guiding principle of the practice of national governance. In the political practice of the state, the ceremony of moral meaning rises to the height of governing the country, which is extremely rare in the history of human politics. Therefore, the rule of rites is the traditional Chinese politics. It is also the core of Chinese traditional political culture.
The basic spirit of rites is "affinity" and "respect for respect", which lies in maintaining a hierarchical social relationship and patriarchal system. With the development of the society, the rule of rites in the West Zhou Dynasty - the rule of law in the Qin Dynasty - the transformation of the rule of rule in the early Han Dynasty - the content of the rites gradually expanded and highlighted the color of the gentleman. In the Western Han Dynasty, the rule of rites was played with the game of the rule of law. The winner was established as the basic mode of state governance chosen by the ruling class. In accordance with the political practice, the thought of ritual was theoretically formed during the spring and Autumn period. After the development and perfection of the Pre-Qin Confucianism, especially the thought of Xunzi's "ritual ritual and weight method", the basic framework of the thought of ritual was formed, and Dong Zhong was the emperor of the Han Dynasty. Shu's thought processing and transformation of the thought of rites made it an ideological system compatible with the contents of ritual, law and Taoism, and continued to integrate other ideological components, so as to adapt to the need of the tyranny of the monarchy and rise to the thought of governing the country, and to influence the practice of Governance in ancient China until the end of the Qing Dynasty.
Chinese traditional political culture is the main body of Confucianism, and the thought of rule of rites is the core content of Confucianism. Its essence lies in maintaining the order of the class and the autocratic rule of the monarchy. As the thought of ruling the country, the influence of the thought of ritual is widespread, especially after the Confucianists in the Han Dynasty, which gradually permeated the law. The traditional law has the characteristics of ethics, and the combination of ritual and law is also the basic feature of the thought of the rule of ritual. It is a manifestation of the institutionalization of the thought of ritual. "Tang law" is a model of the Chinese legal system, representing the level of Chinese ancient political and legal culture and legislative technology, especially the maturity of the combination of ritual and law, which represents the maturity of the ancient rule of rites. Form, that is, "virtue is the base of politics and religion and the punishment is the use of politics and religion". This is the systematic summary of the experience and thought of ancient China and the concentrated expression of the political and legal culture of the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the study of the thought of the rule of rites in the Tang Dynasty is an indispensable part of the study of the traditional political and cultural studies.
This paper, taking the "Tang law" as the object, uses the method of political and cultural research to carry out a comprehensive, systematic and thorough investigation of the thought of the rule of rites contained in the thinning of the Tang Dynasty, not only from the political view of the traditional law, but also from the law of refraction of politics, which embodies the research perspective of the unification of culture and system. The thesis is carefully absorbing and making full use of the existing research. On the basis of the results, the idea of ritual treatment is systematically analyzed and examined in the long history of the traditional society, the historical process of the formation of the thought of ritual is explained, the characteristics of the political and cultural phenomenon and its basic ideology and spirit are analyzed, and the relationship between the thought of the rule of ritual and the ancient legal system is further revealed, and the "virtue rite" is pointed out. For the basis of politics and religion, punishment is the basic principle of the thought of ruling the country in ancient times, and it is also the standard for the guidance and implementation of the ancient law. On this basis, the paper focuses on the analysis of the thought of the rule of rites in the "Tang law". It is an ideological system with internal logical structure and basic content, that is, the supremacy of monarchy is the political value orientation of the thought of ritual, family standard is the social ethics foundation of the rule of ritual, the theory of hierarchy is the basic core of the thought of ritual, the humanism is the external characteristic of the thought of ritual treatment, and the thought of ritual and concurrently is the idea of ritual treatment. In order to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the rule of rites in ancient China, the practical effect and social influence of the thought of the rule of ritual are explained in the light of the political and social reality and the historical status of the Tang Dynasty.
In the end, the paper makes a modern interpretation of the thought of the ancient rule of rites in China, and points out that the idea of rule of rites is the product of a certain social history culture. It is a political and cultural pattern combined with the ancient Chinese economy and politics, but it also has a certain reference to the construction of modern society. It has been adapted to the economic basis of the small farmers, and has a huge inheritance and stability, resulting in the unchanged political practice of the archaic monarchy. Therefore, the thought of rites as the guiding ideology of the ancient political practice has played an important role in the maintenance of the autocratic political rule in history. Nevertheless, the history of the thought of the rule of rites is ten. The limitation is also very obvious. The idea of ritual is essentially the ruling culture of the landlord class and serves for the maintenance of the rule of the landlord class. For the broad masses of the people, it is a means of oppression and enslavement and belongs to the backward political culture. In terms of the practice of governance in the state, the political problem is solved by moral method, obviously, The complicated political problem is simple, and the political power goes deep into all aspects of the society, which restricts the vitality of the society. From the view of the rule of rites and the western rule of law, the thought of ritual is related to the ethics and politics, and the thought of rule of law is related to legal politics. Even if the political rule under the guidance of the rule of rites can obtain the identity of value rationality, It is also necessary to make this rule have the identity of instrumental rationality and formal legitimacy (that is, universally recognized and recognized rule), and the idea of rule of rites clearly lacks the modern spirit of the thought of the rule of law. However, the idea of rule of rites, like the rule of law, contains some transcendental space-time, transcending racial, religious and cultural background differences. The common value, such as the standard identification, the spirit of courtesy, the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, and the complementation of Germany and France, still have some reference for the construction of the socialist political civilization and the construction of a harmonious society.

【学位授予单位】：南开大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D033

【参考文献】