论市民社会及其对构建和谐社会的意义

发布时间：2018-05-06 16:02

本文选题：市民社会 + 中国化　；参考：《曲阜师范大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 市民社会是一个国家或政治共同体内的一种介于“国家”和“个人”之间的广阔领域。它是由相对独立而存在的各种组织和团体所构成的。它是国家权力体制外自发形成的一种自治社会。具有独立性特点的市民社会是衡量一个社会组织化、制度化的基本标志。市民社会是国家权威和个人自由的缓冲地带。市民社会在古代西方是指市民的共同体,在中国的古代和欧洲的中世纪是没有建立在商品经济基础之上的市民社会的,从19世纪才开始出现从事商品经济的市民阶层。市民社会理论最早被古希腊哲人亚里士多德在《政治学》书中提出,洛克、卢梭、孟德斯鸠等契约论的思想家把“市民社会”这个概念再度重申,黑格尔是第一个真正从概念和理论上把社会和国家区分的。黑格尔的《法哲学原理》(1821年)第一次全面论述了市民社会和国家的相互关系,明确把二者区分开来。黑格尔将市民社会看作是私人利益的体系,认为个人是市民活动的基础,也重视在生产和交往中发展起来的社会组织的作用,认为市民社会依附于国家。马克思1843年夏天所写的《黑格尔法哲学批判》一书中,批判地继承了黑格尔的思想,第一次提出并阐述了市民社会思想,马克思把市民社会看做是市场经济中人与人的物质交往关系和由这种交往关系所构成的社会生活领域。世界文明史演进发展的历程已经证明：市民社会是商品市场经济赖以存在和发育的社会组织基础。作为一种社会存在,市民社会的实质就是正确理解和处理国家与社会、国家与个人的相互关系,建立各自互不侵犯又共存一体的功能界限。在中国封建社会长达两千多年的历史中,一直是以小农生产方式为主,是自给自足的自然经济社会,工商业非常不发达,生产者都是以个人为单位进行生产和生活的,没有彼此之间的合作和互动。中国封建社会是封建专制社会,人民是生产的主体,但是并没有独立的人格。在封建社会的文化长河中,儒家文化影响深远,被历朝历代君王改造后的儒家文化只是为了历代君王的君主集权制度服务。人民没有追求平等和自由的精神和意识。无论是经济基础、政治制度还是文化层面都没有适合市民社会发展的土壤。封建社会末期,出现了资本主义萌芽,后来又出现了民族资本主义,但是在内忧外患的时期,这些都不足以使市民社会好好的形成和发展。新中国成立后深受苏联计划经济的影响,实行的也是计划经济,在计划经济中一切都是计划和分配的,经济没有自由,也没有市民社会发展的空间。改革开放以来,中国从计划经济向市场经济转变,经济基础的转变使上层建筑出现了新的变化,市民社会开始有了发展的基础和空间。从现实的情况来看,近些年以来中国以市场为取向的改革发展实践,使社会和政治权力在广度和深度上都有了深刻的转变,所有这一切的变化都会使有中国特色社会主义市民社会形成并不断发展下去。当代我们的社会主义现代化事业正进行的如火如荼,和谐社会是现在的主题,在当下提倡建设和谐社会之时,我国的市民社会得到了很好的发展机遇,我国市民社会还不够成熟,还仅仅是初级阶段,但是村民自治、社区自治等这些都是市民社会理论在现实生活的体现。公民的政治人格逐渐独立,也不仅仅满足于做生产者,更要做政治参与者,这些市民社会一定会为和谐社会的建设起到重要的作用。虽然我国现阶段的市民社会仅是初级阶段,但是可以利用社会主义市民社会制度的优势,来为和谐社会发展起作用,在经济上可以利用社会主义经济制度来促进社会主义现代化事业的发展,在政治上可以利用社会主义民主集中制改善政治社会,利用民主把社会民众与政治联系起来,使社会主义社会中的人们既可以是物质财富的创造及拥有者,又可以充分享有自己的政治权利,获得个人的社会价值,实现国家安定团结,人民安居乐业,人与社会和谐相处。
[Abstract]:A civil society is a broad field between a state or a political common body between "state" and "individual". It is made up of a variety of organizations and groups that are relatively independent. It is an autonomous society formed spontaneously outside the state power system. Civil society with independent characteristics is a measure of a society. The basic symbol of organization and institutionalization. Civil society is the buffer zone of state authority and individual freedom. Civil society in the ancient West refers to the community of citizens. In ancient China and in the middle ages of Europe, the civil society was not built on the basis of commodity economy. The citizens engaged in the commodity economy only began to appear from nineteenth Century. Stratum. The theory of civil society was first proposed by Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, in the book of political science. The thinkers of Rock, Rousseau and Montesquieu reaffirmed the concept of "civil society" again. Hagel is the first to distinguish society from the state in concept and theory. Hagel's principle of legal philosophy (1821) For the first time, the relationship between the civil society and the state was discussed in a comprehensive way, and the two were clearly distinguished. Hagel regarded civil society as a system of private interests, thought that the individual was the foundation of the public activities and the role of the social organization developed in the production and communication, and that the civil society attached to the state. Marx 1843. In the book of the critique of Hagel's philosophy of law, written in the summer of the year, he critically inherited the thought of Hagel, first put forward and expounded the thought of civil society. Marx regarded civil society as the material relationship between people and people in the market economy and the social life field formed by this kind of communication relationship.
The course of the evolution and development of the history of world civilization has proved that civil society is the foundation of social organization on which the commodity market economy depends on its existence and development. As a kind of social existence, the essence of civil society is to correctly understand and deal with the relationship between the state and the society, the state and the individual, and establish the functional boundary of the non aggression and coexistence of each other. In the history of the feudal society of China for more than two thousand years, it has always been a small peasant production mode, a self-sufficient natural economic society. The industry and commerce are very underdeveloped. The producers are all production and living in individual units. There is no cooperation and interaction between each other. The feudal society of China is a feudal autocratic society and the people are the people. The main body of production, but there is no independent personality. In the cultural long river of the feudal society, the Confucian culture has a profound influence. The Confucian culture, after the emperors' transformation of successive dynasties, only serves the monarchical centralization system of the emperors. The people do not pursue the spirit and consciousness of equality and freedom, whether it is the economic basis, the political system or the text. There was no soil for the development of the civil society. At the end of the feudal society, the capitalist sprout appeared, and then the national capitalism appeared, but in the period of internal and external suffering, these were not enough to make the civil society well formed and developed. After the founding of the new China, it was deeply influenced by the planned economy of the Soviet Union and was also carried out. Economy, in the planned economy, everything is planned and distributed, the economy is not free and there is no space for the development of the civil society. Since the reform and opening up, China has changed from planned economy to market economy, the transformation of the economic base has made new changes in the superstructure, and the civil society will begin to have the foundation and space for development. In recent years, China's market oriented reform and development practice has made a profound change in the breadth and depth of social and political power. All these changes will make the socialist civil society with Chinese characteristics form and continue to develop.
The modern cause of our socialist modernization is in full swing. The harmonious society is the theme of the present. In the moment of promoting the construction of a harmonious society, the civil society of our country has got a good opportunity for development. The civil society of our country is not mature enough, but it is only the primary stage, but the villagers' autonomy and community autonomy are all the cities. The civil society theory is the embodiment of the real life. The citizen's political personality is gradually independent. It is not only satisfied with the producers but also the political participants. These civil society will play an important role in the construction of a harmonious society. Although the civil society at the present stage of our country is only the primary stage, it can make use of the socialist citizens. The advantages of the social system will play a role in the development of a harmonious society. In the economy, we can use the socialist economic system to promote the development of the cause of socialist modernization. In politics, we can make use of the socialist democratic centralism to improve the political society and link the public with politics to make the people in the socialist society. We can not only be the creation and owner of material wealth, but also enjoy their own political rights, gain the social value of individual, realize the stability and unity of the country, the people live and work in peace and harmony with the society.

【学位授予单位】：曲阜师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D09

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