西方政治思想史当中的有限政府观念研究

发布时间：2019-01-19 10:43

【摘要】：有限政府的思想在古希腊时期就开始萌发,亚里士多德主张最佳的政府形式是靠法律来治理的政府。而洛克在总结了前人的理论成果之后,系统地构建了有限政府的理论。近代的自然法学说构建出人类通过让渡自己在自然状态当中的权利给共同体,从而走出自然状态进入政治社会,通过契约组建政府的理论。自然法理论旨在推动国家与社会、政府与个人之间相分离,并使后者高于前者,这就形成了有限政府的重要根基。哲学和经济学的研究成果也为有限政府理论奠定了基础。性恶论认识到了人性的幽暗面,意识到不受限的权力必定会被掌权者滥用到足以产生巨大威胁的地步,需要限权以防止权力被滥用。自由主义经济学说更是将政府干预排除在自由竞争的市场之外。早期的理论家们主张从道德、经济、法律与分权制衡的层面对政府的权力加以限制。在法律的保障下,利用政府外部人民享有的各种权利和政府内部设置的分权机制,他们阐述了各种限制政府权力的具体措施。当代社会哈耶克的理论成果及布坎南的公共选择理论,使有限政府理论在秉承前人思想的前提下有了新的发展。本文将主要从有限政府的理论基础、对政府权力的限制及有限政府理论在当代社会的发展几个方面,系统分析西方政治思想史视域下的有限政府观念,并对有限政府的观念做出评价。
[Abstract]:The idea of limited government began to germinate in ancient Greece. Aristotle argued that the best form of government was one governed by law. Locke, after summing up the previous theoretical achievements, systematically constructed the theory of limited government. The modern theory of natural law constructs the theory that human beings can transfer their rights in the state of nature to the community so as to go out of the natural state and enter into the political society and form a government by contract. The theory of natural law aims to promote the separation between state and society, between government and individual, and to make the latter higher than the former, which forms the important foundation of limited government. The research results of philosophy and economics also lay the foundation for the theory of limited government. The theory of sexual evil recognizes the dark side of human nature and the fact that unrestricted power must be abused by those in power to create a great threat. It is necessary to restrict power in order to prevent power from being abused. The liberal economic theory excludes government intervention from the free competition market. Early theorists advocated limiting the power of government at the level of moral, economic, legal, and decentralized checks and balances. Under the guarantee of the law, using the various rights enjoyed by the people outside the government and the mechanism of separation of powers established within the government, they elaborated various concrete measures to restrict the power of the government. The theoretical achievements of Hayek and Buchanan's theory of public choice make the theory of limited government develop under the premise of predecessors' thought. Based on the theoretical basis of limited government, the limitation of government power and the development of limited government theory in contemporary society, this paper will systematically analyze the concept of limited government in the perspective of the history of western political thought. And the concept of limited government to make an evaluation.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D091;D035

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