德性的探寻：论柏拉图《王制》中的正义

发布时间：2019-01-27 12:56

【摘要】：何谓正义,它何以可能?这在政治哲学史上从来就是一个无法取得一致同意的问题。正义之作为一种人类的价值准则和行为标准,其对于人类政治的重要意义又使得无数思想家致力于寻求一种客观、绝对的正义原则并为此付出了持续的努力。本文的研究致力于展示在《王制》这一经典文本中所展现出来的苏格拉底对于正义的探索的努力及其原因和结果,并作出评价。与诸多研究《王制》正义的文献不同,本文侧重于从当下时代的背景中提出对这一问题的研究意义,并且在文本的解读上并不把苏格拉底作为柏拉图的代言人,而是试图从对话的整体来理解柏拉图的思想。本文认为,柏拉图在《王制》这一文本中并没有提出他自己的正义观点,而是通过对话指明正义为何是值得追求的以及正义如何实现。在关于正义的对话中,自然正义是随着“理想城邦”的建立而出现的,然而,由于现实政治的局限性本质,“理想城邦”不可能真正实现,因此自然正义在现实政治中也是不可能的,甚至是违背人性的自然的。而自然正义的意义乃在于,在诸神退却的时代,唯有以哲学取代神话,以理性确立起超然的准则,才能够为人类的行动提供最终的依据,才能避免人类的盲目而陷入虚无主义。而古典政治哲学对于教育的重视,尤其是对于德行教育的强调,又为我们实现自然正义指明了方向,或者说提供了可能。具体而言,本文将按照如下的顺序展开论述：引言部分将提出对《王制》这一经典文本中的正义话题进行研究的意义,并在综述已有研究文献的基础上指出本文的研究主旨及创新之处,同时阐明本文的研究方法。本文的第二部分将阐述我们时代的处境,结合麦金太尔和施特劳斯的研究,表明目前的处境之中所蕴藏的虚无主义的危险,指明回归古典政治哲学中寻求解决之道的必要性。本文的第三部分将阐述《王制》中正义讨论的背景。这一部分将回答对话中正义的讨论是在什么样的背景下展开的,同时也是对“为什么要讨论正义”这一问题的回答。并且,该部分的论述将表明柏拉图所设置的正义讨论背景与我们今日所处的背景有着惊人的相似,而这种相似性将进一步凸显我们关注这部伟大著作的意义。本文的第四部分将着重于论述《王制》中的自然正义。首先将论述苏格拉底对两种正义的“意见”的反驳,随后围绕着自然正义分别论述正义与城邦、正义与善以及正义与教育等主题。本文的第五、六部分是笔者的对于《王制》中正义讨论的总结及评价。在评价中,笔者简单比较了亚里士多德的正义思想,指出了柏、亚两人的异同,并且在对柏拉图的评价上并非是以“乌托邦”、“空想主义”等词汇作结,而是对其持一种积极肯定的评价,甚至是解救我们当下处境的唯一出路。
[Abstract]:What is justice and how is it possible? This has never been a matter of consensus in the history of political philosophy. As a kind of human values and standards of conduct, justice makes countless thinkers devote themselves to seeking an objective and absolute principle of justice and make continuous efforts to this end. The study of this paper is devoted to demonstrating Socrates' efforts to explore justice and its causes and results in the classic text of King's system, and makes an evaluation of it. In contrast to many studies on justice, this paper focuses on the significance of the research on this issue from the background of the present era, and does not regard Socrates as Plato's spokesman in the interpretation of the text. It is to try to understand Plato's thought from the whole of dialogue. This paper argues that Plato did not put forward his own viewpoint of justice in the text of "the system of kings", but rather pointed out through dialogue why justice is worth pursuing and how to achieve it. In the dialogue on justice, natural justice appears with the establishment of "ideal city-state". However, due to the limited nature of realistic politics, "ideal city-state" cannot be truly realized. Therefore, natural justice is impossible in real politics, even against the nature of human nature. The meaning of natural justice lies in that in the times when the gods are retreating, only by replacing mythology with philosophy and establishing the criterion of transcendence by reason can we provide the ultimate basis for human action and avoid human blindness and fall into nihilism. However, the emphasis of classical political philosophy on education, especially the emphasis on moral education, points out the direction, or provides the possibility, for us to realize natural justice. Specifically, this paper will discuss in the following order: the introduction part will bring forward the significance of the research on the topic of justice in the classic text of "King system". On the basis of summarizing the existing research literature, this paper points out the main purpose and innovation of this paper, and expounds the research methods of this paper. The second part of this paper will expound the situation of our times, combine the research of Macintyre and Strauss, show the danger of nihilism in the present situation, and point out the necessity of returning to the solution in classical political philosophy. The third part of this paper will explain the background of justice discussion in King system. This part will answer the discussion of justice in the dialogue under what background, but also answer the question of "why to discuss justice". Moreover, the discussion in this section will show that Plato's background of justice discussion is surprisingly similar to the one we are in today, and this similarity will further highlight the significance of our attention to this great work. The fourth part of this paper will focus on natural justice in King system. Firstly, it discusses Socrates' rebuttal to the two kinds of justice, and then discusses the themes of justice and city-state, justice and goodness, justice and education around natural justice. The fifth and sixth parts of this paper are the author's summary and evaluation of the just discussion in King system. In the evaluation, the author simply compares Aristotle's thought of justice, points out the similarities and differences between the two men, and does not end with the words "utopia" and "utopianism" in the evaluation of Plato. It is a positive assessment, even the only way to save our present situation.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D091

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