罗尔斯差别原则的实现进路研究

发布时间：2019-04-18 17:42

【摘要】： 究竟一个社会的收入和财富应当如何分配才合乎正义呢?罗尔斯的差别原则对这一问题提供了一个精彩的回答。差别原则认为,在一个合乎正义的社会中,收入和财富的不平等分配必须要促使社会最少受惠者获得最大利益。显然,差别原则要求从处境最不利者的角度去审视和限制社会经济不平等,以将其约束在一个可接受的程度内。这种理论思路反映出罗尔斯及其正义理论对社会弱势群体的关切以及一种缩小贫富差距、尽量达至平等的倾向。本文旨在探讨的问题是,在罗尔斯正义理论框架中,差别原则是通过何种进路被实现的,亦即它将通过何种途径从处境最不利者的角度去限制社会经济不平等?经过论述,文章认为,在罗尔斯正义理论框架中,差别原则具有两种实现进路。如下：其一,制度安排的进路。具体而言,它首先意味着存在一种旨在确保社会最低受惠值的社会保障政策,其次它还需要一种与之相配套的税收政策的支持。其实质是政府主导下的社会财富再分配。其二,个体善行的进路。它是一种隐含在罗尔斯正义理论框架中的实现进路。具体而言,罗尔斯认为差别原则契合博爱观念的自然意义。这种契合使我们能够在罗尔斯的正义理论框架中发展出个体善行进路,即符合博爱观念的自然意义的个体行动将实现差别原则的正义要求。本文的逻辑架构是,我们将首先简要介绍和解释差别原则；然后将差别原则的实践置于一种宏观的背景制度中,此时就需要按照罗尔斯的思路抽离出差别原则应用于实践的制度条件；之后,我们假定这些背景制度开始运转起来。依据罗尔斯的理解,此时将会产生不正义的社会经济不平等。为了将这类不平等限制在合理的程度内,差别原则将发挥其具备的功能。由此,实现差别原则的制度安排和个体善行的进路将呈现出来。在罗尔斯的正义理论框架中,实现差别原则的制度安排进路在实质上再现了两个正义原则应用于社会基本制度领域的整体轮廓；而个体善行进路则最终归结于罗尔斯设定的一项适用于个人的自然义务原则。在此意义上,本文的论述将罗尔斯正义理论框架中应用于制度的原则和应用于个人的原则有机地联系起来,从而在整体上为理解罗尔斯的正义理论提供了一个较新颖的侧面。同时,正如本文即将呈现的,差别原则的实践不仅表达了每个人在道德上是平等的价值观念。与此同时,它还将促使社会贫富差距的缩小以及弱势群体生存处境的改善。在这种意义上,差别原则的实践将促进社会团结、增进社会凝聚力,进而将维持社会整体的和谐与稳定。基于此,本文的研究将对我国现阶段处理贫富差距的悬殊与分化问题产生较大的启示价值,进而将有助于社会主义和谐社会的构建。
[Abstract]:How exactly should a society's income and wealth be allocated to justice? Rawls' principle of difference provides a good answer to this question. The principle of differentiation holds that in a just society, the unequal distribution of income and wealth must promote the maximum benefit of the least beneficiaries of society. Clearly, the principle of differentiation requires examining and limiting socio-economic inequalities from the point of view of the most disadvantaged in order to limit them to an acceptable level. This theory reflects the concern of Rawls and his theory of justice to the vulnerable groups in society and a tendency to narrow the gap between the rich and the poor and to achieve equality as far as possible. The purpose of this paper is to explore how the principle of difference is realized in the framework of Rawls' theory of justice, that is, through which way will it limit socio-economic inequality from the point of view of the most disadvantaged? In the framework of Rawls's justice theory, there are two approaches to the realization of the principle of difference. The following: first, the approach of institutional arrangements. Specifically, it means the existence of a social security policy aimed at ensuring the minimum social benefits, and then it needs the support of a matching tax policy. Its essence is the redistribution of social wealth under the guidance of the government. Second, the approach of individual benevolence. It is a way of realization implied in Rawls' theory of justice. Specifically, Rawls believes that the principle of difference fits with the natural meaning of the concept of fraternity. This fit enables us to develop the path of individual benevolence in the framework of Rawls' theory of justice, that is, individual action in accordance with the natural meaning of the concept of fraternity will realize the just requirement of the principle of difference. The logical framework of this paper is that we will first briefly introduce and explain the principle of difference; Then the practice of the principle of difference is placed in a macro background system, which needs to be removed from the institutional conditions of the application of the principle of difference in practice according to Rawls' idea; then, we assume that these background systems begin to operate. According to Rawls, there will be unjust socio-economic inequality at this time. In order to limit such inequality to a reasonable level, the principle of differentiation will perform its functions. As a result, the institutional arrangements for the realization of the principle of differentiation and the approach to individual good deeds will be presented. In the framework of Rawls' theory of justice, the institutional arrangement approach to the realization of the principle of difference essentially reproduces the overall outline of the application of the two principles of justice in the field of social basic institutions; The path of individual benevolence ultimately comes down to Rawls' principle of natural obligation applicable to individuals. In this sense, the thesis links the principles applied to the system in the framework of Rawls' justice theory and the principles applied to the individual organically, thus providing a novel side for the understanding of Rawls' justice theory as a whole. At the same time, as this paper is about to present, the practice of the principle of difference not only expresses the value that everyone is morally equal. At the same time, it will also promote the narrowing of the gap between the rich and the poor and the improvement of the survival situation of the vulnerable groups. In this sense, the practice of the principle of difference will promote social unity, enhance social cohesion, and then maintain the harmony and stability of society as a whole. Based on this, the research in this paper will have great enlightening value to deal with the disparity and differentiation between the rich and the poor in our country at the present stage, and then will be helpful to the construction of the socialist harmonious society.
【学位授予单位】：浙江财经学院
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D09

【相似文献】