《理想国》中的正义理论研究
发布时间：2019-05-08 09:08
【摘要】：柏拉图生于雅典城邦战乱之时。战争激化了希腊的各种内在矛盾,使它在以后半个多世纪中,处于社会两极分化以及不断的战争之中,呈现出一派乱世景象。特定的社会环境、城邦制度的危机加之老师苏格拉底的影响,决定了柏拉图有着深刻的现实关怀。他对希腊古典文明进行了深刻回顾与批判,并思考如何从根本上改革整个希腊城邦制度。 正义理论是柏拉图理论体系的核心。本文的研究对象也即是柏拉图《理想国》中的正义理论。本文主要从三个方面展开论述。 一、正义理论渊源及嬗变。正义源于希腊神话。由于正义不仅关乎个人美德的实现,而且关乎国家秩序的井然,因此,古希腊政治哲学自产生之日起就非常关心正义问题,并从不同侧面提出了包括自然正义观在内的有关正义观点。在柏拉图看来,这些正义观虽然各有所长,但都有所缺失。基于此,他批驳了“欠债还债”的正义观、“强者的利益”的正义观,以及“最好与最坏的折中”的正义观,并在《理想国》中建构了自已的正义理论体系。正义理论是柏拉图理论体系的核心。《理想国》中,柏拉图所致力追求的就是正义；而在现实世界中,柏拉图所努力憧憬实现的就是正义的国家。 二、柏拉图正义理论的构建方式。柏拉图的正义理论主要体现在个人正义、国家正义以及个人正义与国家正义的关系三个层面上。其中个人正义所指的是人的灵魂各个组成部分之间和谐共处的关系。而灵魂由理性、激情和欲望三个部分组成。与构成灵魂的三个部分相对应,灵魂还具有四种美德,即智慧、勇敢、节制与正义。个人正义的实现,需要摆脱不当欲望的纠缠。当理性在灵魂中处于主导地位,激情辅助理性控制欲望,而欲望能够节制时,就实现了个人正义。国家正义的实现则有赖于国家中的三个阶层,生产者、护卫者和统治者正确分工、恪守其职、互不僭越。个人正义与国家正义之间又存在着相互对应、互为前提的关系。离开国家正义,个人正义无从谈起。离开个人正义,国家正义也不复存在。 三、对柏拉图正义理论的评价及其现实意义。正义理论作为柏拉图思想体系中的核心理论,对西方正义思想产生了巨大的影响。研究者对于柏拉图的正义理论的态度,基本可分为赞成与批评两类。其中,施特劳斯可视作柏拉图正义理论赞成者的代表,而波普尔则可视作柏拉图正义理论反对者的代表。不管评价者们的观点是赞成还是反对,柏拉图正义理论的现实意义都不可忽视,这主要表现为对于实现人格美的意义与对于构建和谐社会的意义。对于实现人格美而言,深刻认识柏拉图的正义理论,有利于人们正确协调理性、激情和欲望三者之间的关系。对于构建和谐社会而言,正义是构建和谐社会必不可少的因素。
[Abstract]:Plato was born during the war in Athens. The war intensified all kinds of internal contradictions in Greece, and made it in the social polarization and continuous war for more than half a century, showing a scene of chaos. The specific social environment, the crisis of the city-state system and the influence of Socrates, the teacher, decided Plato's profound concern for reality. He reviewed and criticized the Greek classical civilization deeply, and thought about how to fundamentally reform the whole Greek city-state system. The theory of justice is the core of Plato's theoretical system. The object of this paper is Plato's theory of justice in the Republic. This paper mainly discusses from three aspects. First, the origin and evolution of justice theory. Justice derives from Greek mythology. Because justice is not only about the realization of individual virtues, but also about the well-being of national order, the political philosophy of ancient Greece has been very concerned about the issue of justice since its inception. And put forward from different aspects, including the view of natural justice, such as the point of view of justice. In Plato's view, although these views of justice have their own strengths, they are all missing. Based on this, he refutes the concept of justice of "debt repayment", the view of justice of "the interests of the strong", and the view of justice of "the best compromise between the best and the worst", and constructs his own theoretical system of justice in the Republic. The theory of justice is the core of Plato's theoretical system. In the Republic, what Plato pursues is justice, and in the real world, what Plato strives to achieve is the state of justice. Second, the construction of Plato's theory of justice. Plato's theory of justice is mainly embodied in three aspects: individual justice, national justice and the relationship between individual justice and national justice. Personal justice refers to the harmonious coexistence between the various components of the human soul. The soul consists of three parts: reason, passion and desire. Corresponding to the three parts of soul, soul also has four virtues, namely wisdom, bravery, temperance and justice. The realization of individual justice needs to get rid of the entanglement of improper desire. When reason is in the leading position in the soul, passion helps reason to control desire, and desire can be controlled, individual justice is realized. The realization of national justice depends on the correct division of labor among the three classes, producers, guardians and rulers, abiding by their duties. There is a relationship between individual justice and national justice, which is the premise of each other. Without national justice, personal justice is impossible to speak of. Without individual justice, national justice no longer exists. Third, the evaluation of Plato's theory of justice and its practical significance. As the core theory of Plato's thought system, the theory of justice has a great influence on the western thought of justice. The researchers' attitude towards Plato's theory of justice can be divided into two categories: approval and criticism. Strauss can be regarded as the representative of the proponents of Plato's justice theory, while Popper can be regarded as the representative of the opponents of Plato's justice theory. The practical significance of Plato's theory of justice can not be ignored regardless of whether the evaluators' views are in favor or disapproval, which is mainly reflected in the significance for the realization of the beauty of personality and for the construction of a harmonious society. For the realization of personality beauty, a deep understanding of Plato's theory of justice is conducive to the correct coordination of the relationship among reason, passion and desire. For the construction of a harmonious society, justice is an essential factor in the construction of a harmonious society.
【学位授予单位】：中南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09
本文编号：2471787
[Abstract]:Plato was born during the war in Athens. The war intensified all kinds of internal contradictions in Greece, and made it in the social polarization and continuous war for more than half a century, showing a scene of chaos. The specific social environment, the crisis of the city-state system and the influence of Socrates, the teacher, decided Plato's profound concern for reality. He reviewed and criticized the Greek classical civilization deeply, and thought about how to fundamentally reform the whole Greek city-state system. The theory of justice is the core of Plato's theoretical system. The object of this paper is Plato's theory of justice in the Republic. This paper mainly discusses from three aspects. First, the origin and evolution of justice theory. Justice derives from Greek mythology. Because justice is not only about the realization of individual virtues, but also about the well-being of national order, the political philosophy of ancient Greece has been very concerned about the issue of justice since its inception. And put forward from different aspects, including the view of natural justice, such as the point of view of justice. In Plato's view, although these views of justice have their own strengths, they are all missing. Based on this, he refutes the concept of justice of "debt repayment", the view of justice of "the interests of the strong", and the view of justice of "the best compromise between the best and the worst", and constructs his own theoretical system of justice in the Republic. The theory of justice is the core of Plato's theoretical system. In the Republic, what Plato pursues is justice, and in the real world, what Plato strives to achieve is the state of justice. Second, the construction of Plato's theory of justice. Plato's theory of justice is mainly embodied in three aspects: individual justice, national justice and the relationship between individual justice and national justice. Personal justice refers to the harmonious coexistence between the various components of the human soul. The soul consists of three parts: reason, passion and desire. Corresponding to the three parts of soul, soul also has four virtues, namely wisdom, bravery, temperance and justice. The realization of individual justice needs to get rid of the entanglement of improper desire. When reason is in the leading position in the soul, passion helps reason to control desire, and desire can be controlled, individual justice is realized. The realization of national justice depends on the correct division of labor among the three classes, producers, guardians and rulers, abiding by their duties. There is a relationship between individual justice and national justice, which is the premise of each other. Without national justice, personal justice is impossible to speak of. Without individual justice, national justice no longer exists. Third, the evaluation of Plato's theory of justice and its practical significance. As the core theory of Plato's thought system, the theory of justice has a great influence on the western thought of justice. The researchers' attitude towards Plato's theory of justice can be divided into two categories: approval and criticism. Strauss can be regarded as the representative of the proponents of Plato's justice theory, while Popper can be regarded as the representative of the opponents of Plato's justice theory. The practical significance of Plato's theory of justice can not be ignored regardless of whether the evaluators' views are in favor or disapproval, which is mainly reflected in the significance for the realization of the beauty of personality and for the construction of a harmonious society. For the realization of personality beauty, a deep understanding of Plato's theory of justice is conducive to the correct coordination of the relationship among reason, passion and desire. For the construction of a harmonious society, justice is an essential factor in the construction of a harmonious society.
【学位授予单位】：中南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2011
【分类号】：D09
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前1条
1 李君;当代大学生正义观教育研究[D];重庆师范大学;2013年
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