秦汉魏晋神仙观念的历史考察

发布时间：2018-01-07 18:01

本文关键词：秦汉魏晋神仙观念的历史考察　出处：《华东师范大学》2004年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：神仙观念是人类历史上较为普遍存在的观念，古代社会尤其如此。可以说，人类自从产生之日起就与神仙观念结下了不解之缘，从原始蒙昧社会一直到近代开明时代，神仙观念总在人类社会的发展中发挥或隐或显、或大或小的作用。秦汉魏晋时代是中国历史上的一个重要时期，它一方面承接先秦“轴心时代”的诸子之学而来，另一方面在政治、经济、文化诸方面都有很大的进步，对此后中国的发展有重大影响。秦汉魏晋时代是中国历史上神仙观念异常活跃的时期，这一时期神仙观念有了相当大的发展。由于当权者的提倡，再加上神仙学说一定程度上适应了人们的欲求，神仙观念由民间地方性、区域性的活动开始渗透到上层政治，并对政治制度的制定、法律的实施、人事的变动、王朝的兴衰发挥影响力。这一点从秦始皇、汉武帝等帝王的求仙活动中可以看得非常清楚。两汉时期，谶纬神学产生，一方面，当权者用它来为自身的神圣性进行论证，最后竟发展为东汉王朝的神学法典：另一方面，异端势力把它作为反对当权者所使用的利器，掀起了轰轰烈烈的改朝换代运动，两汉末年、三国之际这一情形尤为突出。魏晋时代，神仙观念继续在上层政治中发生影响，赵王伦废立、孙恩、卢循起义等都对神仙观念进行了利用。这一时期，神仙观念也在民间蓬勃发展，下层人民崇信道教的人增多。神仙观念的蔓延同样影响到学术思想的变动。从董仲舒开始，把阴阳五行思想引入儒学，使儒学神学化，从而使学术为之一变，对两汉思想影响尤为显著。神仙观念在东汉末期融合道家哲学、阴阳五行学说、民间巫术、儒释教义等最后发展为道教，而神仙观念无疑是道家发展到道教的最重要的一环。道教形成初期，主要在下层民间活动，政治的败坏促使他们渴求太平盛世的到来，这就导致了黄巾起义的爆发，给东汉王朝以致命的打击。神仙观念对社会风气也有影响。它使许多人从事求仙活动，求仙活动一时成为这一时代的大众思潮，方士、道士层出不穷，在社会上扮演了重要角色。神仙观念重视个人行为的表现，劝善积德，对社会风俗的纯净有积极意义。神仙观念还导致汉末、魏晋时期大批隐士的出现和服食养生风气的盛行。神仙思想也成为玄学家讨论的议题之一。魏晋时期最重要的现象是上层神仙观念和下层神仙观念的明显分化，形成世族道教与民间道教的分别，，世族道教逐渐占据优势，民间道教势力逐渐衰微。葛洪是魏晋时期神仙理论的集大成者，他拉近神仙观念和道教的距离，使神仙观念和道教作密切的结合，这样，神仙观念就成为道教的主要观念。葛洪的神仙理论使道教的素质得到提高，奠定了南北朝时期世族道教的发展方向，在道教史上具有承前启后的过渡作用。之后，经过寇谦之、陆修静等人的改造，特别是陶弘景《真灵位业图》的出现，排列了神仙的详细谱系，把神仙观念完全纳入道教之中，使道教走向成熟。由于神仙观念的影响，也促进了中国化学、医药学、养生学等早期科学的发展，推进了人们对自然和外部世界的探索，成为神仙观念的“副产品”。声
[Abstract]:The fairy idea is the history of mankind, a universal concept, especially in ancient society. It can be said that since humans had the indissoluble bound with the immortal idea, from primitive society to modern liberal era, the fairy idea to play either explicitly or implicitly in the development of human society, or small role.
Qin and Han Dynasties of Wei and Jin Dynasties is an important period in the history of Chinese scholars, on the one hand it to undertake the "Axial Age" and, on the other hand, the political, economic and cultural aspects have great progress, have a significant impact on the development of China. Since Qin Han Wei Jin fairy idea was very active when generation the Chinese period of history, the concept of gods in this period have considerable development.
Due to the promotion of the authority, coupled with the immortal theory to a certain extent to the desire of people, the fairy idea by local folk, regional activities began to penetrate into the upper and the formulation of politics, political system, law enforcement personnel changes, the rise and fall of the dynasty at this point from the Qin Shihuang influence. Qiuxian, emperor emperor in such activities can be seen very clearly. The Han Dynasty, theology, on the one hand, the authorities used it as the sacred argument, finally it developed into the Eastern Han Dynasty theological Code: on the other hand, heresy forces put it as a weapon to use against the authorities, launched the movement change dynasties with vigour and vitality, in the end of the Han Dynasty, three occasion this situation is particularly prominent. The Wei and Jin Dynasties, the fairy idea continue to influence on politics, Zhao Wanglun dethroner, sun en, Lu Xun uprising and so on The idea of the immortals was used. In this period, the idea of the immortals was also flourishing in the folk. The people of the lower people's Taoism in Chongxin increased.
The fairy idea affected the academic thought changes. From the beginning of Dong Zhongshu, the thoughts of Yin Yang and five elements into the Confucianism, the Confucian theology, so as to make the academic change, especially on the ideological influence. The fairy idea fusion of Taoist philosophy in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the theory of yin-yang and five elements, folk witchcraft, etc. Finally, the development of Confucianism and Buddhism doctrine for Taoism, and is undoubtedly the development of Taoist immortal concept to the most important part of Taoism. Taoism formed early, mainly in the lower folk activities, political corruption prompted their desire for a time of national peace and order arrival, which caused the Yellow turban uprising of the Eastern Han Dynasty to a fatal blow.
Also affect the immortal concept of social values. It makes many people engaged in the activities of Xian, Qiuxian activities for a popular trend, Taoist alchemist, emerge in an endless stream, played an important role in the society. The fairy idea of personal behavior, good deeds, and have positive significance for the social customs of the immortal pure. The concept also led to the end of Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties and the emergence of a large number of hermits taking health fashion. The immortal thoughts has become one of the issues discussed metaphysics.
The most important of the Wei and Jin Dynasties phenomenon is obvious differentiation of upper and lower the concept of gods immortal concept, formed clans Taoism and folk Taoism, Taoist clans gradually dominate, folk Taoism forces gradually declined. Ge Hong Wei and Jin Dynasties is an integrator of the fairy idea, he and the Taoist immortal concept closer distance, the fairy idea and Taoism is closely combined, thus, the fairy idea became the main idea of Taoism. Taoism enables Ge Hong fairy theory is improved, established the direction of development during the period of the northern and Southern Dynasties Taoist clans, with transitional function in the history of Taoism. Later, after Kou Qianzhi, transformation of Lu Xiu Jing et al, especially Tao Hongjing
"True spirit of Industry Map >, arranged with pedigree of gods, the immortal idea into Taoism,
Make Taoism mature.
As a result of the influence of the immortal concept, it also promoted the early science of Chinese chemistry, medicine and health.
The exhibition has promoted the exploration of the nature and the external world, and became a "by-product" of the immortal concept.
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【学位授予单位】：华东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：K207

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