近现代哈萨克族萨满教文化遗存研究

发布时间：2018-06-12 04:36

  本文选题：萨满教 + 萨满教文化　； 参考：《新疆师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：1456年哈萨克汗国的建立标志着哈萨克族的最终形成。中国的哈萨克族居住在新疆、甘肃和青海。哈萨克族热情好客、热爱诗歌,创造了丰富而独特的草原文化。哈萨克族曾信仰过萨满教、佛教、祆教、景教和伊斯兰教,其中萨满教和伊斯兰教对哈萨克族的影响最大。萨满教产生于原始社会,它是一种自然宗教,因萨满而得名。“萨满”的解释主要有“激动、疯狂的乱舞者”和“无所不知的通达之人”;萨满教的性质有宗教和非宗教说。萨满教的核心是万物有灵观念,主要内容是自然崇拜、图腾崇拜、祖先崇拜。萨满教的世界观渗透到生活的各个层面就形成了萨满教文化,萨满教文化可以分为看得见的物质部分和看不见的精神部分。哈萨克族的早期先民乌孙人、康居人、匈奴人和突厥人都信仰萨满教,蒙元时期在钦察草原上,萨满教仍然很盛行。在哈萨克汗国时期以陶克汗的统治为分界点,萨满教和萨满的政治地位及生存环境都发生了质的变化。在陶克汗之前全民公开信仰萨满教,萨满在社会上享有崇高的地位,属于统治阶层;陶克汗执政后废除萨满教,定伊斯兰教为国教禁止信仰萨满教,打击萨满禁止萨满在社会上活动。但是萨满教没有被消灭,它一直以各种方式存活于民间,至今萨满教文化已成为哈萨克族民俗的一部分。伊斯兰教在向哈萨克族传播的过程中深受萨满教的影响,萨满教影响了哈萨克族信仰伊斯兰教的内容和行为,哈萨克人在信仰安拉的同时还崇拜祖先的亡灵,哈萨克族的巴克斯既是毛拉又是萨满。萨满教对哈萨克族的社会生活和文学作品都有着深刻的影响,在社会生活中存在着大量的与萨满教信仰有关的禁忌,如因对水、火、祖先崇拜形成的禁忌。在哈萨克的民间传说中,在英雄史诗、爱情史诗、人生礼仪习俗歌、现代文学中都能发现萨满教文化的痕迹。分析萨满教文化至今仍遗留在哈萨克族生活的各个层面的原因,有:1.萨满教文化早已沉淀哈萨克族的民族心里,正如富有光所说:“萨满一代又一代地铸造、陶冶、培育着北方诸民族的精神、性格和心理素质。”2.哈萨克族的包容性,这是由哈萨克族生活在东西方文明的交汇处,游牧经济的非自足性,族源的多样性决定的。3.哈萨克族的习惯法对萨满教与伊斯兰教文化的兼容;4.萨满教文化与哈萨克族的游牧经济相适应;5.萨满教的心理调节与治病功能。
[Abstract]:The establishment of Kazakh khanate in 1456 marked the final formation of Kazakh nationality. The Kazakh people of China live in Xinjiang, Gansu and Qinghai. Kazakh hospitality, love poetry, created a rich and unique grassland culture. The Kazakh people once believed in Shamanism, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism and Islam, among which shamanism and Islam had the greatest influence on the Kazakh people. Shamanism originated in primitive society and is a natural religion named after shamanism. Shamanism is explained mainly by "agitated, crazy disorderly dancers" and "omniscient savvy", and shamanism is religious and nonreligious in nature. The core of shamanism is animism, the main content is nature worship, totem worship, ancestor worship. The world outlook of Shamanism permeates every aspect of life and forms Shamanism culture. Shamanism culture can be divided into visible material part and invisible spiritual part. The early Kazakh ancestors, including the Wusun, Kangju, Huns and Turkic, all believed in Shamanism, which was still popular in the Mongolian and Yuan dynasties on the grasslands. In the period of Kazakh khanate, the political status and living environment of shamanism and shamanism changed qualitatively. Before Tao Kehan, the whole people openly believed in shamanism, which enjoyed a high status in society and belonged to the ruling class. After Tao Kehan came to power, he abolished Shamanism and declared Islam as the state religion and banned Shamanism. The fight against shamans forbids shamans from social activity. But Shamanism has not been destroyed, it has been living in various ways in the folk, so far Shamanism culture has become a part of Kazakh folklore. Islam is deeply influenced by Shamanism in the process of spreading to the Kazakh people. Shamanism influences the content and behavior of the Kazakh people in their belief in Islam. The Kazakh people worship the undead of their ancestors while they believe in Allah. The Kazakh Baxs are both mullahs and shamans. Shamanism has a profound influence on the social life and literary works of Kazakh people. In social life, there are many taboos related to Shamanism, such as the taboos formed by water, fire and ancestor worship. In Kazakh folklore, in heroic epic, love epic, life etiquette custom song, modern literature can find the trace of shamanism culture. The reason why Shamanism remains in every aspect of Kazakh life is 1: 1. Shamanism culture has long precipitated the hearts of Kazakh ethnic groups, just as Fuguang said: "Shaman generation after generation cast, molded, nurtured the spirit, character and psychological quality of the northern nationalities." 2. The Kazakh inclusiveness is determined by the Kazakh living in the intersection of eastern and western civilizations, the non-self-sufficiency of nomadic economies, and the diversity of ethnic origins. Kazakh customary law is compatible with Shamanism and Islamic culture. Shamanism culture and Kazakh nomadic economy adapt to 5. 5. The psychological regulation and treatment function of shamanism.
【学位授予单位】：新疆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：B98
，

本文编号：2008384