鄂尔多斯高原藏传佛教文化地理研究

发布时间：2018-09-15 05:12

【摘要】：藏传佛教两次传入鄂尔多斯高原。第一次传入在蒙元之际,元世祖即位之后,藏传佛教取得尊崇的地位,元朝上下大肆兴佛,崇佛之风蔓延至河套地区,喇嘛教历史遗迹阿尔寨石窟在元朝得到大规模的兴建；第二次传入在明朝时期,阿勒坦汗(俺答汗)势力如日中天,兵锋直及青海。鄂尔多斯部领袖库图克台彻辰洪台吉认识到藏区“政教合一”的政权模式同样适合蒙古地区的统治,因此劝阿勒坦汗前往藏区迎佛,并率部众皈依藏传佛教。在青海仰华寺与达赖喇嘛会晤的盛会上,鄂尔多斯部领袖库图克台彻辰洪台吉宣布《十善福法规》作为藏传佛教在蒙古地区传播的规范。明朝万历年间,三世达赖被邀请至右翼蒙古传教,第一站到了鄂尔多斯部。在达赖三世的授意下鄂尔多斯部修建多所召庙,诚心敬佛。明朝时期沿着达赖三世传法的路线建立的这十余座召庙分布在鄂尔多斯部的主要地区,这批著名的召庙入清之后多成为当地的首庙。清朝统治者为羁縻柔化蒙古,提倡黄教,并给与信教者多种优惠政策。喇嘛教与蒙民家庭相结合渗入了普通蒙民的日常生活,上自王公贵族,下自平民百姓都有子弟出家做喇嘛,藉此喇嘛教在鄂高原蒙区结成一张根深蒂固的宗教网。因此,蒙族王公和各界人士捐资广建召庙,喇嘛教成为与蒙民生活息息相关的宗教信仰。喇嘛教经过清朝近三百年的发展,形成以鄂尔多斯高原的伊克昭盟为中心,涵盖除榆林市诸县和宁夏黄河以东县区外整个高原的区域。鄂尔多斯高原大多数旗县境内都形成一座首庙统辖境内数十座召庙的寺宇群落,这些召庙群落大小庙相互辉映,机构完备,成为喇嘛教统御蒙地的重要召庙群落。鄂尔多斯高原蒙民生活在喇嘛教氛围之中,很多旗扎萨克家建有家庙祭拜,衙门有佛堂供公职人员祈祷,每户蒙古包里有佛龛供家人叩拜,牧民生活中的各种活动都与喇嘛教风俗有着千丝万缕的关系。一位牧民生老病死的人生过程都有喇嘛教宗教活动的参与,甚至由喇嘛决定人生大事的办理,这就是黄教在蒙旗的绝对影响力。鄂高原喇嘛教的中心区域乃是鄂尔多斯部,入清至民国名伊克昭盟,这里召庙群落最成气候,体系最为完整,对蒙民的控制力也最强。后套平原的喇嘛教状况与伊克昭盟相仿,蒙民信奉喇嘛教的痴迷程度更甚。乌海市海勃湾区和南海区历史上属于伊克昭盟管辖,召庙也由鄂托克旗管理。榆林市诸县和宁夏黄河以东县区,历史上曾有喇嘛教遗迹,喇嘛也曾来此活动,但影响不大。民国时期,鄂高原地区喇嘛教整体上继承了清朝的宗教遗产,虽经外来文明冲击,召庙有圮毁,喇嘛逃亡或者改行,但喇嘛教还有相当的势力。建国后经过历次运动,喇嘛教活动停止,召庙大多被拆毁,喇嘛亦还俗或者遭受迫害。十一届三中全会后,党和国家落实宗教政策,鄂尔多斯高原鄂尔多斯市辖各旗、乌海市、后套平原各旗县的地方政府修复了一些召庙作为喇嘛教的活动地点,绝迹已久的喇嘛教活动恢复。
[Abstract]:Tibetan Buddhism was introduced into the Ordos Plateau twice. The first time it was introduced into the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties, after the Yuan ancestors took the throne, Tibetan Buddhism gained the status of reverence. Buddhism was widely promoted in the Yuan Dynasty, and the worship of Buddhism spread to the Hetao area. The Alzhai Grottoes, a historical relic of Lamaism, were built in large scale in the Yuan Dynasty; the second time it was introduced into the Ming Dynasty, Alzai Grottoes. Tan Khan (Antakhan) was as powerful as the sun, and his troops were at the forefront of Qinghai. The leader of the Ordos ministry, Kutuktechechechchen Hongtaiji, realized that the regime model of "political and religious unity" in Tibet was also suitable for the rule of Mongolia, so he urged Altam Khan to go to Tibet to welcome Buddhism and convert his people to Tibetan Buddhism.
At a grand meeting between Qinghai Yanghua Temple and the Dalai Lama, the leader of the Ordos ministry, Kutuktechechechchen Hongtaiji, announced that the Ten Good Blessings Regulations were the norm for Tibetan Buddhism to spread in Mongolia. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the third Dalai Lama was invited to the right-wing Mongolia to preach, and the first stop was in the Ordos ministry. In the Ming Dynasty, more than ten temples were built along the route of the Dalai Lama's Three Generations of Buddhism. Most of these famous temples became the first temples in the Ordos area after they entered the Qing Dynasty. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty advocated Huang religion and gave many preferential policies to believers. The combination of Lamaism and Mongolian families has infiltrated into the daily life of ordinary Mongolian people, from Princes and aristocrats to common people all have children to become monks, thus forming a deep-rooted religious network in the Mongolian area of the Hubei Plateau. After nearly 300 years of development in the Qing Dynasty, Lamaism formed the Yikezhao League on the Ordos Plateau, covering the entire plateau area except Yulin counties and the counties east of the Yellow River in Ningxia. The temples and temple of the temple are mutually embraced, and the institutions are complete. They become an important calling Temple community of Lamaism.
The Mongolian people in the Ordos plateau live in the atmosphere of Lamaism. Many Qizha Sarks have temples to worship, Buddhist halls to pray for public officials in Yamen, Buddhist niches in every yurt for their families to worship. The activities of the herdsmen are closely related to the customs of Lamaism. A herdsman's life process of old age, illness and death all has its own. This is the absolute influence of the Yellow religion in the Mongolian banner. The central area of the Lamaism in the Hubei Plateau is the Ordos region, which entered the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China's Yikezhao League. The Temple community here has the most complete climate, the most complete system and the strongest control over the Mongolian people. The state of Lamaism is similar to that of the Yikezhao League, and the Mongolian people are even more obsessed with Lamaism. Historically, Haibowan District and Nanhai District in Wuhai City belong to the Yikezhao League, and the temples are also managed by the Otok Banner. In Yulin County and the counties east of the Yellow River in Ningxia, there were historic relics of Lamaism, and Lamas had come to this activity, but with little influence.
During the period of the Republic of China, Lamaism in the Hubei Plateau inherited the religious heritage of the Qing Dynasty as a whole. Although the temples were destroyed, the lamas fled or changed their ways, Lamaism still had considerable influence. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Lamaism activities stopped, most of the temples were demolished, and the Lamas were returned to society or persecuted. Following the plenary session, the Party and the state implemented religious policies. Local governments in the flags of Ordos, Wuhai and Houtao plains restored some temples as sites for Lamaism, and the long-extinct activities of Lamaism were restored.
【学位授予单位】：陕西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：B946.6

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