黄土缓坡丘陵区采煤塌陷对土壤侵蚀与土地利用的影响

发布时间：2018-02-14 18:21

本文关键词： 采煤塌陷土地复垦土壤侵蚀 RULSE 土地利用　出处：《中国地质大学(北京)》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：煤炭井工开采会形成大范围的采空区,使地表塌陷并出现大量地裂缝。采煤塌陷不仅对土地资源造成威胁,还会产生土壤侵蚀,水分流失,生物多样性退化等生态环境问题。分析矿区的土壤侵蚀与土地利用的变化,研究其主要的影响因素,对生态脆弱区井工矿的土地利用与生态重建具有重要意义。本文利用研究区遥感影像、地形和植被等研究区基础数据,结合修正的通用土壤流失方程RUSLE,采用空间信息技术GIS对提取的信息进行叠加分析,比较了矿区内部的塌陷地、复垦地的土壤侵蚀及土地利用状况,研究了平朔三号井工矿采煤塌陷对土壤侵蚀和土地利用的影响。研究的主要结论有:(1)煤炭开采会对矿区生态环境造成严重的破坏。野外实地调查发现,平朔三号井工矿开采后出现了两种新的地类:塌陷地和复垦地。塌陷地地表植被退化、土壤理化性质改变,土地破碎化程度高,土地质量下降;复垦地在恢复可利用状态之后,植被覆盖率高,地形更适宜种植,土地质量上升。(2)2000—2013年,井工矿采煤塌陷地土壤侵蚀模数总体表现为增加的特征。塌陷地与未开采前相比,土壤侵蚀强度分布有显著变化,强度、极强烈、剧烈这三个等级占塌陷地的面积由46.09%增加到85.11%。复垦地区域,土壤侵蚀中度及以上等级所占面积均有所下降,同时轻度和微度区域增加,土地复垦有效控制了矿区土壤侵蚀。(3)2000—2013年,与井工开采前相比,矿区土壤侵蚀总量增加13049t,塌陷地土壤侵蚀量增加4389.61t,复垦地土壤侵蚀量减少3806.13t。矿区土壤侵蚀受到六大因子不同程度的影响,与坡度、坡长和水土保持因子保持着较高的相关性。(4)煤炭开采使矿区土地利用类型和结构发生变化。矿区在井工开采强烈的扰动下,塌陷地区域的耕地数量下降,其土地利用类型逐步退化为草地,影响了土地利用,但矿区以保持土地动态平衡为目标,在开采结束后也将积极配合复垦措施,保证矿区土地质量;复垦地在开采前土地利用类型为林地,采煤造成塌陷之后,对该区域进行土地复垦与生态重建,使其恢复到可利用状态,土地利用类型仍为林地。
[Abstract]:Coal mining will form a large area of goaf, causing the surface to collapse and a large number of ground cracks. Coal mining collapse not only poses a threat to land resources, but also causes soil erosion and water loss. Analysis of soil erosion and land use change in mining areas, and study of its main influencing factors, It is of great significance for the land use and ecological reconstruction of wells, mines and mines in ecologically fragile areas. In this paper, the basic data of the study areas, such as remote sensing images, topography and vegetation, are used. Combined with the modified general soil loss equation rusle, the extracted information was analyzed by spatial information technology (GIS), and the soil erosion and land use status of subsidence land and reclaimed land in mining area were compared. The influence of coal mining collapse on soil erosion and land use in Pingshuo No. 3 well is studied. The main conclusion of the study is that the coal mining will cause serious damage to the ecological environment of the mining area. After mining in Pingshuo well No. 3, two new types of land have emerged: subsided land and reclaimed land. The surface vegetation of the subsided land is degraded, the physical and chemical properties of the soil are changed, the degree of land fragmentation is high, and the land quality is reduced; after the reclaimed land is restored to the usable state, The vegetation coverage rate is high, the topography is more suitable for planting, and the land quality is rising. The soil erosion modulus of the well coal mining subsidence area is increased in general. The soil erosion intensity distribution in the subsided land is significantly different from that before mining. The area occupied by these three grades increased from 46.09% to 85.11.The area of moderate and above soil erosion decreased in the reclaimed area, while the area of mild and micro-level areas increased. Land reclamation effectively controlled soil erosion in mining areas from 2000 to 2013, compared with pre-mining, The total amount of soil erosion in mining area increased by 13049t, the amount of soil erosion in subsided land increased by 4389.61t, and the amount of soil erosion in reclaimed land decreased by 3806.13t. Slope length and soil and water conservation factors maintain a high correlation. (4) Coal mining changes the type and structure of land use in mining areas. Under the strong disturbance of mining, the amount of cultivated land in subsided areas decreases. Its land use type gradually degenerates into grassland, which affects land use, but the mining area aims at keeping the dynamic balance of land, and will cooperate actively with reclamation measures after mining to ensure the land quality of mining area. After the land use type is forestland and coal mining causes collapse, land reclamation and ecological reconstruction are carried out to restore the land use to the usable state, and the land use type is still woodland.
【学位授予单位】：中国地质大学(北京)
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S157;F301.2;X752

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