我国不当生命损害赔偿请求权研究
发布时间：2018-08-27 07:24
【摘要】：在英美法上,“不当生命之诉”的概念用以指代子女损害赔偿一类诉讼,是指由于医生在产前检查过程中存在过失未能检查出子女的缺陷或者没有尽到告知义务导致子女带有缺陷地出生,该不当生命者向医疗机构提起的诉讼。不当生命之诉的历史由来与不当出生之诉息息相关,两者都是基于子女带有缺陷地出生这一相同事实,但实质上因为主体不同而导致请求权性质、各国对其支持程度等都有所区别。不当生命损害赔偿请求权则是指有缺陷的不当生命者享有的可向医疗机构提起的侵权损害赔偿请求权。除具有请求权的一般特征外,其亦有着其侵权行为的间接性、损害赔偿发生原因为且仅为遗传缺陷、涉及公共政策考量等独有的特征。鉴于我国产前技术背景与社会保险制度的不完善,以及我国民法对胎儿权益保护的加强,肯定子女不当生命损害赔偿请求权有其现实意义。不当生命之诉起源于国外,在国外有丰富的学理与案例研究,具有比较法上的意义。各个国家在法律政策、伦理价值等的不同,则导致法院对这一类案件的态度不同。在美国、法国、荷兰等国家,法官支持不当生命之诉,特别是在美国的相关案例中,法官详细地对请求权性质上作出了剖析后肯定了不当生命者损害赔偿请求权;而在英国、德国、我国台湾地区等部分国家和区域对不当生命之诉表示否定态度。对比我国的司法现状,支持不当生命损害赔偿请求权与否定不当生命损害赔偿请求权的案例数量大致相同,其中否定不当生命损害赔偿请求权的理由大致为胎儿由于无民事权利能力而不属适格原告、子女没有受到实际损害或子女损害与医生过失行为并没有因果关系。由于对不当生命损害赔偿请求权理论上的研究存在不足,法官的专业素养不一等,我国法院在司法实践中存在着对不当出生之诉与不当生命之诉未加以区分、对子女的适格原告的判断不统一、对侵权行为构成要件认定不相同、对不当生命者损害赔偿金额过少等不足之处。随着此类案件的逐日增加,我国司法实践亟需学理支撑和判决标准,以统一不当生命损害赔偿请求权相关判决。结合国外及我国支持不当生命者的请求权的判决理由及学理分析,不当生命损害赔偿请求权在请求权类型上实是一种侵权损害赔偿请求权而非契约之上的请求权,其侵害的客体是子女的知情同意权。在不当生命损害赔偿请求权的成立上,医生对子女的过失行为符合侵权行为的四项构成要件。医生由于自身的过失违反《侵权责任法》以及与医疗相关的法律法规所规定的对于注意义务、告知义务的规定,而造成子女有缺陷的出生这一损害事实。确定了请求权基础的类型与医生侵权行为的构成要件后,即需要确认不当生命损害赔偿请求权产生的法律效果,即损害赔偿范围和计算方式。对比违约损害赔偿或者其他侵权损害赔偿,不当生命之诉最大的区别在于其在财产赔偿方面仅支持特殊损害赔偿。而如果仅是支持损害赔偿却没有其具体的计算方式,在实务操作中由于不适当的计算方式导致损害赔偿金额过于轻微,则对于不当生命者的权益保护也只是空有其表,不能使其权益得到保障,故如何具体计算损害赔偿也具有重大的实践意义。
[Abstract]:In Anglo-American law, the concept of "lawsuit of improper life" is used to refer to the lawsuit of compensation for damage to children. It refers to the lawsuit brought by the improper life person to the medical institution because the doctor failed to detect the defect of the child during the prenatal examination or failed to fulfill the duty of notification. The historical origin of the suit of life is closely related to the suit of improper birth, both of which are based on the same fact that the children are born defectively, but the nature of the claim is different because of the different subjects, and the degree of support of each country is different. In addition to the general characteristics of the right of claim, it also has the indirect nature of the infringement. The cause of the damage compensation is only genetic defects, involving public policy considerations and other unique characteristics. The strengthening of the protection of the rights and interests of the fetus in the civil law has its practical significance in affirming the right of the child to claim compensation for improper life damage. In the United States, France, the Netherlands and other countries, the judge supports the lawsuit of improper life, especially in the relevant cases in the United States, the judge made a detailed analysis of the nature of the claim to affirm the claim of damages for improper life; while in Britain, Germany, Taiwan and other countries and regions of our country on the lawsuit of improper life. Comparing with the current judicial situation in China, the number of cases supporting the claim for improper life damage compensation is roughly the same as that denying the claim for improper life damage compensation. Among them, the reason for denying the claim for improper life damage compensation is that the fetus is not qualified plaintiff because of its incapacity for civil rights and the children are not subjected to reality. There is no causal relationship between damage or damage to children and the negligent behavior of doctors.Because of the insufficiency of theoretical research on the right to claim for damages for improper life and the different professional qualities of judges,there is no distinction between the lawsuit of improper birth and the lawsuit of improper life in judicial practice in Chinese courts,and the judgment of the qualified plaintiff of children. With the increasing number of such cases, China's judicial practice urgently needs theoretical support and judgment standards to unify the relevant judgments of the claim for improper life damage. Judgment reasons and theoretical analysis of the right of claim for improper life damage compensation show that the right of claim for improper life damage compensation is actually a kind of claim for infringement damages rather than a claim on a contract, and the object of infringement is the children's right of informed consent. Doctors'negligence violates the duty of care and the duty of disclosure stipulated in the Law of Tort Liability and medical related laws and regulations, thus causing the birth of a defective child. It is necessary to confirm the legal effect of the claim for damages for improper life, that is, the scope of damages and the way of calculation. In practical operation, the amount of compensation for damages caused by inappropriate calculation is too small, so the protection of the rights and interests of the improper life is only empty and can not be guaranteed. Therefore, how to calculate the amount of compensation for damages is of great practical significance.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923
本文编号：2206540
[Abstract]:In Anglo-American law, the concept of "lawsuit of improper life" is used to refer to the lawsuit of compensation for damage to children. It refers to the lawsuit brought by the improper life person to the medical institution because the doctor failed to detect the defect of the child during the prenatal examination or failed to fulfill the duty of notification. The historical origin of the suit of life is closely related to the suit of improper birth, both of which are based on the same fact that the children are born defectively, but the nature of the claim is different because of the different subjects, and the degree of support of each country is different. In addition to the general characteristics of the right of claim, it also has the indirect nature of the infringement. The cause of the damage compensation is only genetic defects, involving public policy considerations and other unique characteristics. The strengthening of the protection of the rights and interests of the fetus in the civil law has its practical significance in affirming the right of the child to claim compensation for improper life damage. In the United States, France, the Netherlands and other countries, the judge supports the lawsuit of improper life, especially in the relevant cases in the United States, the judge made a detailed analysis of the nature of the claim to affirm the claim of damages for improper life; while in Britain, Germany, Taiwan and other countries and regions of our country on the lawsuit of improper life. Comparing with the current judicial situation in China, the number of cases supporting the claim for improper life damage compensation is roughly the same as that denying the claim for improper life damage compensation. Among them, the reason for denying the claim for improper life damage compensation is that the fetus is not qualified plaintiff because of its incapacity for civil rights and the children are not subjected to reality. There is no causal relationship between damage or damage to children and the negligent behavior of doctors.Because of the insufficiency of theoretical research on the right to claim for damages for improper life and the different professional qualities of judges,there is no distinction between the lawsuit of improper birth and the lawsuit of improper life in judicial practice in Chinese courts,and the judgment of the qualified plaintiff of children. With the increasing number of such cases, China's judicial practice urgently needs theoretical support and judgment standards to unify the relevant judgments of the claim for improper life damage. Judgment reasons and theoretical analysis of the right of claim for improper life damage compensation show that the right of claim for improper life damage compensation is actually a kind of claim for infringement damages rather than a claim on a contract, and the object of infringement is the children's right of informed consent. Doctors'negligence violates the duty of care and the duty of disclosure stipulated in the Law of Tort Liability and medical related laws and regulations, thus causing the birth of a defective child. It is necessary to confirm the legal effect of the claim for damages for improper life, that is, the scope of damages and the way of calculation. In practical operation, the amount of compensation for damages caused by inappropriate calculation is too small, so the protection of the rights and interests of the improper life is only empty and can not be guaranteed. Therefore, how to calculate the amount of compensation for damages is of great practical significance.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D923
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