长颚斗蟋打斗行为的影响因素与生态意义

发布时间：2018-03-01 14:00

  本文关键词： 长颚斗蟋 打斗策略 打斗能力 求偶 性选择　出处：《中南林业科技大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：打斗行为作为动物界中普遍存在的一种激烈的身体对抗行为,是个体间解决资源冲突最为常用的手段之一,对动物的生存与繁殖有重要作用,是动物行为学研究的热点。目前对于昆虫打斗策略的多样性缺乏系统研究,打斗能力与雌性选择间的相关性尚未明了。雄性蟋蟀的打斗极具代表性,是国际上研究打斗行为的模式昆虫。本研究调查了长颚斗蟋Velarifictorus aspersus Waker雄虫在不同日龄阶段和资源环境下打斗策略的多样性;检测了打斗器官和繁殖器官的发育状况对打斗能力的影响;比较了雌虫对打斗获胜和失败雄虫间的交配选择,及雌虫交配选择的收益;并探究了未受精卵对若虫适应能力的影响。主要获得以下结果:1.对羽化后不同日龄阶段雄虫打斗等级的调查结果显示,羽化后2日雄虫的打斗等级极低,而7-27日内雄虫的打斗等级较高,至羽化后第32日雄虫的打斗等级下降。说明长颚斗蟋雄虫的繁殖发育对其打斗策略具重要影响,性发育成熟阶段打斗激烈,而性发育未成熟和性器官衰退阶段打斗较少。在没有雌虫和洞穴的情况下,雄虫的打斗等级较低,而争夺洞穴或雌虫时,雄虫的打斗等级显著上升,说明资源价值的提升能提高雄虫的打斗欲望。另外,争夺洞穴的打斗等级显著低于争夺雌虫,说明对于长颚斗蟋雄虫而言,洞穴的价值低于雌虫。在洞穴的争夺中,失败雄虫需要消耗更多的能量用于另外挖掘洞穴。而在雌虫的争夺中,失败雄虫会丧失获得交配的机会。显然,相对于能量消耗而言,交配机会的丧失代价更高。因此,长颚斗蟋雄虫在争夺配偶和争夺洞穴的相异打斗策略是风险-收益权衡的结果。2.对失败雄虫不同时间后再次打斗的等级调查结果显示,在打斗结束后24 h内,失败雄虫会避免与获胜雄虫打斗,而在打斗结束后48 h后,其斗性完全恢复。说明打斗失败会在短期内抑制长颚斗蟋雄虫的再次打斗行为。占有洞穴能够显著促进失败雄虫的打斗等级,但这种促进效果的维持时间不超过1 h。有意思的是,失败雄虫在完成交配后立即打斗时,其斗性没有恢复,而在交配完成1 h和24 h后,其斗性完全恢复。说明交配与占有洞穴均能促进失败雄虫的打斗欲望,但二者的机制可能不同,占有洞穴仅短时间促进雄虫的打斗欲望,而交配能长时间恢复失败雄虫的斗性。3.对获胜和失败雄虫指示打斗武器发达程度的重要形态特征的比较表明,获胜和失败雄虫的头幅、头重和上颚长度均无显著差异,说明武器的发达程度对长颚斗蟋体重相近雄虫的打斗能力无影响。而对打斗获胜和失败雄虫繁殖器官的发育状况比较结果表明,获胜和失败雄虫的精巢重量无显著差异,但获胜雄虫的附腺重量显著高于失败雄虫。考虑到长颚斗蟋在羽化当日其精巢均已发育完全,而附腺则在羽化后才开始发育。因此,附腺的发育状况是指示雄虫繁殖发育程度的主要指标。这表明长颚斗蟋雄虫的打斗能力受繁殖器官的发育状况影响。4.在打斗结束后的前2 h内,获胜雄虫的求偶鸣叫率显著高于失败雄虫,而在第3-5和第10-12 h内,获胜和失败雄虫的求偶鸣叫率均较低,无显著差异。这说明打斗获胜经历能短时间促进雄虫的求偶行为。在打斗结束后立即进行交配实验时,雌虫与获胜雄虫的交配率显著高于失败雄虫,而在打斗结束后第3和第10 h进行交配实验时,雌虫与获胜或失败雄虫的交配率无显著差异。说明打斗获胜经历对雄虫短时间的求偶促进作用能提高其被雌虫的交配选择机会。5.雌虫对获胜和失败雄虫的精包存留时间无显著差异,且雌虫与获胜或失败雄虫交配后的产卵量和孵化若虫数均无显著差异,说明打斗经历对雌虫的交配后选择及繁殖收益无影响。由于长颚斗蟋存在多次交配行为,因此本研究对雌虫与获胜或失败雄虫多次交配后的产卵量和孵化量亦进行了比较,但均无显著差异。说明打斗行为并未影响雄虫的多次交配能力。另外,多次交配对雌虫的产卵量无促进作用,但与一次交配相比,二次或三次交配后雌虫的若虫孵化率显著升高,说明多次交配行为对长颚斗蟋雌虫的繁殖适合度具促进作用。6.在实验过程中发现长颚斗蟋雌虫即使在多次交配后,仍有相当比例的卵未能孵化,因而,检测了未受精卵对若虫适应能力的影响。结果表明,不管是否存在其他食物,若虫均取食未受精卵。在未提供其他食物时,取食未受精卵能够提供足够的营养供若虫发育至下一龄期。因此,未受精卵对于提高若虫在食物短缺条件下的存活能力极为重要。此外,在群体饲养条件下,取食未受精卵能为若虫提供额外的营养物质,从而促进若虫的生长发育。显然,对母代而言,产未受精卵能够增加其后代的适应能力。
[Abstract]:A fierce physical confrontation behavior, fighting behavior as ubiquitous in the animal world, between individuals to solve resource conflict is one of the most commonly used means, plays an important role in the survival and reproduction of animal, is the focus of the animal behavior research. The systematic research on the diversity of insect fighting strategies lack of relevance, and fighting ability the female choice is not yet clear. Fighting representative male crickets, is the model insect fighting behavior research in the world. This study investigated the diversity of long jaw cricket fighting strategy Velarifictorus aspersus Waker males at different ages and stages of resource and environment; development status. Effects of fighting organs and reproductive organs the fighting ability; compared to females and males failed to win fights between sexual selection, income and female mate choice; and to explore the unfertilized eggs of worms if appropriate Effect of ability. The results were as follows: 1. the investigation on different days after eclosion stage male fighting level showed that 2 days after emergence of male fighting level is very low, but within 7-27 days the fight to higher level, thirty-second days after the emergence of male fighting level descended. Long jaw male cricket the reproductive development of the fighting method an important influence, mature stage of development and fierce fighting, immature and sexual organs recession fighting less. In the absence of female and male of the caves, the fighting level is low, and for the cave or female, male fighting level increased significantly, indicating the value of resources ascension can improve male fighting desire. In addition, for the level was significantly lower than that for cave fighting for female, long jaw male cricket, the cave is worth less than females. In the caves of contention, failure The need to consume more energy for the other mining cave. While in female competition, male failure will lose access to mating opportunities. Obviously, compared with the energy consumption, the loss of more costly mating opportunities. Therefore, long jaw in different male cricket fighting strategy for spouses and compete for the cave is the risk return the tradeoff for.2. of display level survey results failed to fight again the different time in the fight, after 24 h, male and male will avoid failure in the fight and win the fight, after 48 h, the fight to recover completely. That fight again failed fighting behavior will inhibit long jaw cricket in males in the short term. The cave possession could significantly promote the failure of male fighting level, but the effect of the duration of no more than 1 h. interestingly, the failure of males in complete fighting immediately after copulation, the bucket There is no recovery, while mating completed 1 h and 24 h after the fight to recover completely. Mating and possession could promote the failure of cave fighting desire, but the two mechanisms may be different, the cave occupies only a short time to promote the fight desire, and mating can compared long time recovery failure the bucket.3. indicate important morphological characteristics of developed degree of winning weapons to fight and defeat the victory and failure, male head width, there were no significant differences between the head and upper jaw length had no effect on weapons that developed long jaw similar weight of male cricket fighting ability. The development status of the fight and win the failure of male reproductive organs of the comparison results show that there was no significant difference between victory and failure of male testis weight, but won the male accessory gland weight was significantly higher than that of male. Considering the failure of long jaw cricket in the emergence of the testis Have been fully developed, and the accessory gland after emergence began development. Therefore, development of accessory gland is the main index indicating male reproductive development degree. It is proved that the development of the reproductive organs of male long jaw cricket fighting ability effect of.4. in the fight after the end of the first 2 h, winning the male the failure rate was significantly higher than that of male courtship song, and in paragraphs 3-5 and 10-12 h, and the failure of male courtship tweet winning rate is low, no significant difference. This shows that the fight winning experience can be a short time to promote male courtship behavior. In the fight immediately after the end of the experiment when mating, female and male win the mating rate was significantly higher than that in males and third failed in the fight, after the end of H and tenth mating experiments, female and male mating success or failure rate had no significant difference. The fight winning experience for male courtship can promote a short time To improve the female mating opportunities for success and failure of.5. female male spermatophore retention time had no significant difference, there were no significant differences between the female and male mating with the win or failure after spawning and hatching nymphs, that fight experience has no effect on female mating selection and breeding benefits. Due to the long jaw there are many cricket mating behavior, so the fecundity and hatching amount of female and male win or lose after multiple mating also were compared, but there was no significant difference. The fighting behavior did not affect male multiple mating ability. In addition, the fecundity of female multiple mating had no effect, but compared to with a mate, two or three times after mating with female nymphs hatching rate increased significantly, indicating multiple mating behavior of long jaw cricket female reproductive fitness promoting.6. found in the experimental process Jaw cricket even in multiple mating females, there is still a considerable proportion of the eggs failed to hatch, therefore, to detect the unfertilized eggs adaptation effect on nymph. The results show that, regardless of whether there are other food, feeding nymphs were unfertilized eggs. The other did not provide food, feeding the unfertilized eggs can provide enough nutrition for nymphal development to the next instar. Therefore, unfertilized eggs is extremely important to improve the survival ability of nymphs in food shortages conditions. In addition, in the group feeding conditions, feeding the unfertilized eggs can provide additional nutrients for the nymphs, so as to promote the growth and development of nymphs. Obviously, on the parent generation production, unfertilized eggs can increase their offspring's ability to adapt.

【学位授予单位】：中南林业科技大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S763
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本文编号：1552209