行政激励的理论逻辑与实践范式

发布时间：2018-08-18 18:38

【摘要】：激励是思想政治教育的重要手段之一,其核心是提高人的积极性,激发人的潜能。对个人来讲,激励可以对人的目标性行为产生源源不绝的推动力,使人在发展过程中不断地超越自我,创造奇迹；对现代组织来讲,激励可以激发组织成员的工作热情和创造精神,激励水平的高低决定了组织整体管理水平的高低,也决定了组织效能的发挥程度。然而,激励之于不同的人、不同职业领域的人群乃至同一职业领域的不同人群,是大不相同的,我们可以认同一些普遍意义上的激励理念,但这绝不意味着可以设计出一套放之四海皆可适用的激励机制。因此,在激励这一领域中,我们需要针对不同的激励对象,根据其特点“对症下药”,做出更加具体深入的研究。行政激励是思想政治教育体系的重要组成部分,是针对那些拥有公共权力、承担公共责任的政府行政人员而进行的激励研究,其实质就是激发行政人员的积极性、主动性和创造性。在现代社会中,一个国家的繁荣昌盛是与一个高效、廉洁、公平、公正的政府紧密维系的,政府在国家发展中所承载的政治责任、社会责任、经济责任是推动行政激励研究的动力。然而,面对政府庞大而复杂的行政体系,如果仅将激励视为行政活动中的一个具体环节或一个具体措施,那么,激励发挥出的作用对整个行政体系来说是微乎其微的；而只有将激励视为贯穿于所有行政活动的一种理念及其指导下的一系列制度安排和组织管理行为,才能发挥出行政激励的应有功效。因此,本研究秉持全面、系统的原则,将行政激励视为一个复杂的体系,从行政价值、行政制度、行政组织三个维度将行政价值理念、行政制度设计与执行、行政组织中的个体、群体及领导等作为激励体系中不可或缺的要素,来探寻有效行政激励的实现路径。本研究的主要创新点在于：将行政激励作为一个完整的体系,从行政价值、行政制度、行政组织三个维度来解析不同的激励模式,注重价值与制度融合,注重行政主体的双重角色功能(既可以当作激励客体,也可以充当激励主体),注重行政主客体间互动所产生的激励效应。同时,对行政激励实践范式的分析和研究使行政激励研究不再拘泥于理论层面,增强实践意义。本文主要分八个章节,内容是根据逻辑思路来安排的。第一章是导论,主要从研究缘起、文献综述、研究思路、框架及方法和核心概念厘定几个方面展开。激励是思想政治教育的应有之义,两者的契合在于调动人的积极性,引导人正确的发展方向。思想政治教育赋予行政激励的政治意蕴、管理意蕴、和社会意蕴,凸显了行政激励研究对整个行政体系发展的地位和作用,同时,当代中外政府改革的不断深化,使行政激励成为提升政府效能的必要之举。本章通过文献综述,从国内外行政激励理论中梳理行政激励的脉络,从中获取建立行政激励体系的学理支撑；在研究思路和研究框架方面,提出行政激励体系构建的三个维度；最后,对本文所涉及的核心概念,即激励与行政激励、价值与行政价值、行政与公共行政分别进行了厘定。第二章是关于行政激励的理论探讨。首先,从历史的角度分析我国传统行政激励思想和国外行政激励思想的演变。从分析儒家、法家及道家学说中的行政激励思想入手,总结了传统行政激励中行政伦理道德激励的得与失,“人治”政治环境中制度激励的成与败,以及草民在传统行政激励中的功用。其次,本章将西方的行政激励思想按照公共行政理论的发展历程划分为科学管理时期、行为科学时期、系统理论时期和新公共管理时期,旨在阐释各个阶段对人的不同认识以及在此基础上发展起来的具有不同侧重点的行政激励思想。再次,本章探讨了马克思主义行政激励思想,认为需要、利益及人民民主是构成马克思主义行政激励理论的基础,并从唯物辩证法的视角来分析马克思主义行政激励观的特点。同时,本章对新中国以来历届中共领导人对行政激励的探索进行梳理,毛泽东、邓小平、江泽民、胡锦涛的行政激励思想在新中国的各个发展阶段虽然各有侧重,但本文主要从行政价值理念、制度建设和组织建设三个方面做了归纳。第三章是行政激励体系的构建。论文首先论述了激励是人类社会特有的现象,它与人在社会活动中所呈现出的种种人性特征息息相关,这不仅决定了激励的方式方法要随着人的需要、人的特征的变化而有所侧重,也突出了激励所体现出的现实功能是人的全面发展的动力之源。然后,论文重点论述了由行政价值、行政制度、行政组织三个维度构建起的行政激励体系,从构建行政激励体系的依据出发,提出构建行政激励体系的原则,分析行政激励体系的运行方式及特点。第四章主要论述行政价值的激励作用。价值的客观存在与人对价值的主观判断和追求一直以来就对人的行为及发展产生重要的推动意义。任何事物的价值都不是一成不变的,这也解释了行政价值在一个国家的不同发展阶段,有着不同的内涵与意义。本文以中国改革开放的历程为参照,分别论述了以效率、公平、廉洁、服务为重心的行政价值对行政行为的激励作用,力图说明行政价值的重心迁移对行政激励的目标、内容和方式有着不同的侧重。第五章是关于行政制度的激励作用。制度是人的自身行为的规范,服从于人的需求和理性,因而,行政制度在设计时就加载了人们的价值期许,无形中对行政活动起着规范与激励作用。行政制度的设计预期与现实差距说明了行政激励在这一环节中的必要性。另外,本章将行政制度的激励功能分解为规范功能、评价功能、调节功能和整合功能,这些功能对行政实践活动起着不可或缺的激励作用。第三,结合实践中的行政制度,分析了行政晋升制度、行政奖惩制度和绩效考核制度对行政激励的具体功效。第六章主要论述行政组织的激励作用,在这里,行政组织中的行政个体、行政群体和行政领导被作为主要激励对象,按照各自的特征分别进行不同的激励设计。同时,对行政组织中隐含的激励因素,如行政人格、行政文化及民主参与来探讨对行政组织的激励功效。第三,结合实践中的组织创新与管理创新,分析了学习型政府组织、回应型政府组织和企业型政府组织对行政激励的侧重与影响。第七章着重论述了行政激励体系的运行环境。行政激励体系的运行环境从纵向和横向两方面来分解,纵向层面从国家——政府——行政自上而下的统摄关系入手论述了三者在价值结构上的同一化,突出社会主义核心价值体系对行政激励的导向作用；并在分析国家政策与行政制度的逻辑关系方面,明确了政策对制度的掌控和激励作用。横向层面注重行政主客体之间的互动,从虚拟的网络社会到现实的公民社会来分别说明作为行政客体的社会对行政主体的激励作用。第八章将理论和实际相结合,从对富民政府的阐释来说明行政激励的价值归宿；从领导问责来明确行政激励在组织上的强化与完善；从民主评议来评述行政激励中民主参与与监督的重要性。这些实践范式是对行政激励体系的进一步论证和补充。
[Abstract]:Motivation is one of the important means of Ideological and political education, and its core is to improve people's enthusiasm and stimulate people's potential.For individuals, motivation can produce endless impetus for people's targeted behavior, make people constantly transcend themselves and create miracles in the process of development; for modern organizations, motivation can stimulate members of the organization. Work enthusiasm and creativity, the level of incentive determines the level of the overall management level of the organization, but also determines the level of organizational effectiveness. However, incentives for different people, people in different occupational fields and even different groups in the same occupational field, is very different, we can agree with some of the general sense of the excitement. Incentive concept, but this does not mean that we can design a universal incentive mechanism. Therefore, in the field of incentives, we need to make more specific and in-depth research according to the characteristics of different incentive targets.
Administrative incentive is an important part of the ideological and political education system. It is an incentive research aimed at those government administrators who have public power and bear public responsibility. Its essence is to stimulate the enthusiasm, initiative and creativity of the administrators. Fair and just government is closely linked. The political responsibility, social responsibility and economic responsibility that the government bears in the development of the country are the motive force to promote the study of administrative incentive. The function of administrative incentive is negligible to the whole administrative system, and only when the incentive is regarded as a kind of idea running through all administrative activities and a series of institutional arrangements and organizational management behaviors under the guidance of it, can the due effect of administrative incentive be brought into play. A complex system, from the three dimensions of administrative value, administrative system and administrative organization, takes the concept of administrative value, the design and implementation of administrative system, the individuals, groups and leaders in administrative organizations as the indispensable elements of the incentive system to explore the path to effective administrative incentives.
The main innovations of this study are as follows: taking administrative incentive as a complete system, analyzing different incentive modes from three dimensions of administrative value, administrative system and administrative organization, paying attention to the integration of value and system, paying attention to the dual role function of administrative subject (which can be regarded as both incentive object and incentive subject), and paying attention to action At the same time, the analysis and study of the practice paradigm of administrative incentive make the study of administrative incentive no longer stick to the theoretical level and enhance the practical significance.
This article is divided into eight chapters, which are arranged according to logical thinking.
The first chapter is the introduction, mainly from the research origin, literature review, research ideas, frameworks and methods and core concepts of several aspects. Incentive is the proper meaning of Ideological and political education, the combination of the two lies in mobilizing people's enthusiasm, guiding people to the correct direction of development. Meaning and social implication highlight the status and role of administrative incentive research in the development of the entire administrative system. Meanwhile, the deepening of contemporary Chinese and foreign government reform has made administrative incentive a necessary measure to enhance the effectiveness of the government. Establish the academic support of the administrative incentive system; in the research ideas and research framework, put forward three dimensions of the construction of the administrative incentive system; finally, the core concepts involved in this paper, namely, incentive and administrative incentive, value and administrative value, administration and public administration are defined separately.
The second chapter is about the theoretical discussion of administrative incentive. First, it analyzes the evolution of the traditional administrative incentive thought in China and the foreign administrative incentive thought from the historical angle. Secondly, according to the development of public administration theory, this chapter divides the western administrative incentive thought into scientific management period, behavior science period, system theory period and new public management period, aiming to explain the different understanding of people in different stages. Thirdly, this chapter discusses the Marxist thought of administrative incentive and holds that needs, interests and people's democracy are the basis of the Marxist theory of administrative incentive, and analyzes the characteristics of the Marxist view of administrative incentive from the perspective of materialist dialectics. At the same time, this chapter combs the exploration of administrative incentive by successive CPC leaders since New China. Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao's ideas of administrative incentive have their own emphases in different stages of development in New China, but this paper mainly summarizes them from three aspects: administrative value concept, system construction and organization construction.
The third chapter is the construction of the administrative incentive system. The paper first discusses that incentive is a unique phenomenon of human society, and it is closely related to the various human characteristics in social activities. This not only determines that the ways and means of incentive should be emphasized with the needs of people and the changes of human characteristics, but also highlights the incentive embodied. The realistic function is the power source of human's all-round development. Then, the paper focuses on the administrative incentive system constructed from the three dimensions of administrative value, administrative system and administrative organization.
The fourth chapter mainly discusses the incentive function of administrative value.The objective existence of value and people's subjective judgment and pursuit of value have always played an important role in promoting human behavior and development. Referring to the course of China's reform and opening up, this paper discusses the incentive effect of administrative value on administrative behavior, which focuses on efficiency, fairness, honesty and service, and tries to explain that the shift of the focus of administrative value has different emphasis on the objectives, contents and methods of administrative incentive.
The fifth chapter is about the incentive function of the administrative system.The system is the norm of people's own behavior and obeys people's needs and rationality.Therefore, the administrative system loads people's value expectation in the design and plays a normative and incentive role in the administrative activities invisibly. In addition, this chapter divides the incentive function of administrative system into normative function, evaluation function, adjustment function and integration function, which play an indispensable incentive role in administrative practice. Thirdly, combining with the administrative system in practice, this paper analyzes the administrative promotion system, administrative reward and punishment system and performance test. The specific effect of nuclear system on administrative incentives.
Chapter Six mainly discusses the incentive function of administrative organizations. Here, administrative individuals, administrative groups and administrative leaders in administrative organizations are regarded as the main incentive objects, and different incentive designs are made according to their respective characteristics. Meanwhile, the implicit incentive factors in administrative organizations, such as administrative personality, administrative culture and democratic participation, are discussed. Thirdly, combined with organizational and management innovation in practice, this paper analyzes the emphasis and influence of learning-type government organizations, responsive government organizations and enterprise-type government organizations on administrative incentives.
The seventh chapter focuses on the operating environment of the administrative incentive system.The operating environment of the administrative incentive system is decomposed from the vertical and horizontal aspects,and the unification of the three aspects in the value structure is discussed from the perspective of the state-government-administration from the top to the bottom. The guiding role of incentives; and in the analysis of the logical relationship between national policies and administrative systems, the control and incentive role of policies on the system is clearly defined. Effect.
Chapter 8 combines theory with practice to explain the value of administrative incentives from the perspective of the rich people's government; clarifies the strengthening and perfection of administrative incentives from the perspective of leadership accountability; and comments on the importance of democratic participation and supervision in administrative incentives from the perspective of democratic deliberation. Argumentation and supplement.
【学位授予单位】：武汉理工大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D64

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