黄河流域景观格局演化及生境适宜性评价

发布时间：2018-04-14 13:24

本文选题：生境适宜性 + 景观格局　；参考：《鲁东大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：为应对黄河流域物种濒临灭绝的生境破碎化危机,解决确定物种的生境适宜性条件是生物多样性保护的关键科学问题。本文基于3S(RS、GIS、GPS)技术,从物种所需最基本的生境条件出发,在不考虑各类物种生境的空间异质性的条件下,确定整个生物物种生存繁衍的适宜生境条件,对从整体上研究生物多样性具有重大的现实意义。本研究首先从黄河流域2000年、2005年、2010年三年景观构成动态变化特征和景观格局动态分布特性出发,对比分析黄河流域2000-2010年景观构成动态演化特征;然后通过分析研究区内各种生物种最基本的生存因子,选取土地利用类型、地形、水系和人类活动等指标因子,构建生境适宜性评价模型对黄河流域的整体潜在生境适宜性进行评价;最后通过其时空变化特征,提出相应的管理对策与建议。研究结果表明:(1)从景观格局构成动态演化来说,在2000-2010年间林地和建设用地面积处于增加状态,而耕地面积则呈现出减少的趋势。基于景观指数表明,研究区内斑块数目(NP)和斑块密度(PD)均表现出逐渐增加的趋势,但其增幅较小;景观形状指数(LSI)是先升高后降低,表明整体景观要素单元正朝向规则化发展,破碎化程度正逐渐减弱;分维数指数(PAFRAC)和空间邻近距离指数(ENN)在研究期间均处于较高水平,但呈下降趋势;整个黄河流域生态系统的景观多样性指数(SHDI)在2000-2010年中逐渐增大,由2000年的1.4777增大到2010年的1.4913,说明多样性在逐渐好转,异质性逐渐升高;同时,景观均匀度指数(SHEI)在研究期中也逐渐增大,由2000年的0.8247增大到2010年的0.8323,其变化趋势均反映了在研究期内黄河流域各要素类型在整个景观中所占的比例的差异降低,优势类型景观在逐渐减少,呈均匀化趋势变化,这可能是由于人为干扰,所占比例较大的耕地面积明显减少以及所占比例较小的建设用地面积明显增加,因此各景观所占的比例朝着均一化方向发展。(2)本研究选取土地利用类型、海拔高程、坡度、距保护区距离、距道路距离和距水源距离作为指标因子,利用基于加速遗传算法的层次分析法(AGA-AHP)计算各指标因子的权重,构建生境适宜性评价模型(HSI),对黄河流域2000-2010年间的生境适宜性进行评价。通过权重计算,得出距离指标因子对黄河流域的生境适宜性影响最大,土地利用类型指标因子次之,高程和坡度因子最小。从整体分布来看,黄河源头及中游生境适宜性较高,黄河上游兰州至头道拐一带以及黄河下游三门峡以下的区域生境适宜性则相对较低。从变化趋势来看,2010年黄河流域的整体生境质量要优于2000年,呈现上升趋势;其中生境适宜性变好的区域面积为39011.69 km2,占研究区4.92%,主要集中在河套平原、黄土高原、关中平原西部、西北部和黄河三角洲等区域;生境适宜性变差的区域面积为11831.94km2,占1.49%,主要集中在鄂尔多斯高原中西部、关中平原中部和宁夏平原中南部等部分地区。
[Abstract]:To deal with the the Yellow River River Basin endangered species habitat fragmentation crisis, to determine the species habitat suitability conditions is the key scientific issues of biodiversity conservation. Based on the 3S (RS, GIS, GPS) technology, from the species habitat conditions required for the most basic starting, without considering the spatial heterogeneity of various species into habitats under the condition of determining suitable habitat conditions throughout the biological species, is of great practical significance for the study of biological diversity as a whole. This dissertation begins from the the Yellow River River Basin in 2000, 2005, the dynamic characteristics and dynamic characteristics of landscape pattern in 2010 three years of landscape, comparative analysis of the Yellow River River 2000-2010 years landscape dynamic evolution; and then through the research area of all kinds of species, the most basic survival factor analysis, select the type of land use, terrain, water and human activities such as index, The construction of habitat suitability evaluation model of the Yellow River basin overall potential habitat suitability evaluation; finally, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics, put forward the corresponding management measures and recommendations. The results show that: (1) from the dynamic evolution of landscape pattern in the area of land, forest land and construction in 2000-2010 years increased, while the cultivated land area showed a decreasing trend. The landscape index shows that based on the number of patches in the study area (NP) and patch density (PD) showed a trend of increase gradually, but the increase is small; the landscape shape index (LSI) was increased first and then decreased, indicating that the overall landscape unit is facing the development of fragmentation rules. Is gradually weakened; fractal dimension index (PAFRAC) and spatial proximity distance index (ENN) during the study period were at a high level, but decreased; the entire the Yellow River stream ecosystem landscape diversity index The number (SHDI) increased gradually in 2000-2010 years, from 1.4777 in 2000 increased to 1.4913 in 2010, that diversity gradually improved, heterogeneity increased gradually; at the same time, the landscape evenness index (SHEI) increased gradually during the study period, from 0.8247 in 2000 increased to 0.8323 in 2010, the trend was to reduce the difference reflects the elements of the Yellow River basin types accounted for in the whole landscape in the study period, the proportion of the dominant types of landscape in the gradually reduced, uniform trend changes, which may be due to human disturbance, a larger proportion of the arable land area decreased and the proportion of construction land area was significantly smaller increase the proportion of the landscape towards uniformity. (2) this study selected land use types, elevation, slope, distance from the protected area, distance to road and distance to water as indicators, and By using the analysis method of accelerating genetic algorithm based on hierarchical (AGA-AHP) to calculate the weight of each index factor, construct the habitat suitability assessment model (HSI), on the the Yellow River River 2000-2010 years habitat suitability evaluation. By calculating the weight, the distance index of the Yellow River Area Habitat Suitability impact, land use type indicator the factor of elevation and slope factor minimum. From the overall distribution, the source of the Yellow River and the middle reaches of habitat suitability is high, the upper reaches of the Yellow River Lanzhou to the Yellow River and Toudaoguai along the lower reaches of Sanmenxia area under the habitat suitability is relatively low. From the changing trend, the overall habitat quality of the Yellow River basin in 2010 than in 2000, showing the upward trend; habitat suitability area change of 39011.69 km2, accounting for 4.92% of the study area, mainly concentrated in the Hetao Plain, the Loess Plateau, Guanzhong plain, In Northwest China and the Yellow River Delta, the area with poor habitat suitability is 11831.94km2, accounting for 1.49%, which is mainly concentrated in the central and western parts of the Ordos Plateau, the central part of the Guanzhong Plain and the central and southern parts of Ningxia plain.

【学位授予单位】：鲁东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：P901

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