松柏类植物景观调查研究
发布时间：2018-10-20 13:21
【摘要】：松柏类植物是裸子植物中最重要的类群,具有较高的经济与景观价值,但在园林景观中没有得到充分重视。本文通过研究松柏类植物的自然资源、观赏特性、文化特性等方面,从统一性与多样性的角度总结这一专类植物。研究结合典型案例的调查,挖掘松柏类植物在实际景观运用中的独特个性,总结各园林尺度及类型下松柏类植物的配置模式,突破松柏类植物景观运用中的传统局限,为今后松柏类植物的景观营造提出建议。本文以文献检索入手,结合大量的案例调研,紧密围绕松柏类植物景观资源、景观特征与营造模式展开定性分析,主要得出以下结论:1、从景观资源上,松柏类植物在我国呈现出“历史起源古老、森林面积广袤、资源分布不均”的总体特征。物种数量上,松科植物在松柏类植物资源中占据绝对优势;分布面积上,松科、杉科、柏科植物组成了广袤的针叶林,通常占据群落顶层,在同一生态位中优势明显,与伴生的植物形成鲜明层次。松柏类植物的自然景观差异性大,有阴暗针叶林、明亮针叶林、针阔混交林等地带特征明显的森林类型。2、从观赏特性上,松柏类植物一般呈塔形或圆锥形,树冠对称、树体高大。松科、杉科等以疏松明快的质感为主。柏科则多表现为稠密郁闭的特征。松柏类植物的叶和球果是辨别具体种的重要特征,并与树皮、根系一道成为松柏最具观赏价值和艺术情趣的特征。松柏类植物在经历物候变化时可产生松涛、雾凇等自然奇观;落叶松属、水杉属、落羽杉属下的松柏类植物是季相变化显著的松柏类植物。3、从景观应用上,松柏类植物在“面状”、“片状”、“线状”、“点状”等不同尺度下可形成了其他类型植物所不可替代的植物景观。在风景名胜区、自然保护区、皇家园林等类型中常表现出面状与片状的植物群体美;在陵园、道路等景观类型中常以规则的形式线状布置,形成具有引导性与对称性的序列景观;在古典私家园林、城市公园、植物专类园中通常以点状形式栽植,注重植物的文化性与单体姿态。4、从配置模式上,松柏类植物以“乔木—灌丛地被”的模式最为常见,主要运用于草坪类景观、郊野森林景观及滨水的大尺度景观类型中;“乔木—灌木—地被”的复层结构主要运用于中小尺度的纪念型景观与园林空间中。为保持景观统一性,突出高耸挺拔特征,同一群落层内不建议松柏类植物与其他类型的植物相搭配;在不同层次内,配置鲜艳的观花及观果的乔灌木则会衬托出良好效果。
[Abstract]:Pine cypress is the most important group of gymnosperms, which has high economic and landscape value, but has not been paid enough attention to in landscape. Based on the study of the natural resources, ornamental characteristics and cultural characteristics of pine and cypress plants, this paper summarizes this special category of plants from the point of view of unity and diversity. Combined with the investigation of typical cases, this paper excavates the unique personality of the pine and cypress plants in the actual landscape application, sums up the allocation patterns of the pine cypress plants under various garden scales and types, and breaks through the traditional limitations in the use of the pine cypress landscape. Suggestions for the landscape construction of pine and cypress in the future are put forward. Starting with literature retrieval and combining with a large number of case studies, this paper focuses on the qualitative analysis of pine and cypress plant landscape resources, landscape characteristics and construction models. The main conclusions are as follows: 1, from the landscape resources, Pine and cypress plants in China show the general characteristics of "ancient historical origin, vast forest area and uneven distribution of resources". In terms of species number, pine plants occupy an absolute dominance in the resources of pine cypress. In distribution area, pine family, Taxodiaceae and cypress plants form a vast coniferous forest, which usually occupies the top of the community, and has an obvious advantage in the same niche. The associated plants form distinct layers. The natural landscape of pine and cypress plants is very different. There are dark coniferous forests, bright coniferous forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. 2. In terms of ornamental characteristics, pine cypress plants are usually tower or conical, with symmetrical crown. The tree is tall. Pine family, Taxaceae and so on to loose and bright texture. The cyperidae were characterized by dense closeness. The leaves and cones of pine and cypress plants are the important characteristics of distinguishing specific species, and together with bark and roots, they become the most ornamental and artistic characteristics of pine cypress. Pine cypress plants can produce natural wonders such as Songtao, rime and so on when they undergo phenological changes; the pine plants of Larix, Metasequoia, and Larix are conifers with significant seasonal changes. 3. In different scales, such as "surface", "flake", "line" and "dot", pine and cypress plants can form the plant landscape that other types of plants can not replace. In scenic areas, nature reserves, royal gardens and other types of plants often show the appearance and flake of the beauty of the landscape types, such as mausoleum, roads and other types of landscape often in a regular form of linear arrangement, In classical private gardens, city parks, plant gardens, plants are usually planted in the form of dots, paying attention to the cultural and monomeric posture of plants. 4, from the configuration mode, "Arbor shrub land cover" is the most common type of pine and cypress, which is mainly used in lawn landscape, country forest landscape and waterfront large-scale landscape type. The layer structure of Arbor-shrub-ground cover is mainly used in the small and medium scale memorial landscape and garden space. In order to maintain the unity of the landscape and highlight the towering and erect characteristics, it is not suggested that the pine and cypress plants should be matched with other types of plants in the same community layer, and in different layers, the trees and shrubs with bright flowers and fruits will set off a good effect.
【学位授予单位】：浙江农林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S687
[Abstract]:Pine cypress is the most important group of gymnosperms, which has high economic and landscape value, but has not been paid enough attention to in landscape. Based on the study of the natural resources, ornamental characteristics and cultural characteristics of pine and cypress plants, this paper summarizes this special category of plants from the point of view of unity and diversity. Combined with the investigation of typical cases, this paper excavates the unique personality of the pine and cypress plants in the actual landscape application, sums up the allocation patterns of the pine cypress plants under various garden scales and types, and breaks through the traditional limitations in the use of the pine cypress landscape. Suggestions for the landscape construction of pine and cypress in the future are put forward. Starting with literature retrieval and combining with a large number of case studies, this paper focuses on the qualitative analysis of pine and cypress plant landscape resources, landscape characteristics and construction models. The main conclusions are as follows: 1, from the landscape resources, Pine and cypress plants in China show the general characteristics of "ancient historical origin, vast forest area and uneven distribution of resources". In terms of species number, pine plants occupy an absolute dominance in the resources of pine cypress. In distribution area, pine family, Taxodiaceae and cypress plants form a vast coniferous forest, which usually occupies the top of the community, and has an obvious advantage in the same niche. The associated plants form distinct layers. The natural landscape of pine and cypress plants is very different. There are dark coniferous forests, bright coniferous forests and mixed coniferous and broad-leaved forests. 2. In terms of ornamental characteristics, pine cypress plants are usually tower or conical, with symmetrical crown. The tree is tall. Pine family, Taxaceae and so on to loose and bright texture. The cyperidae were characterized by dense closeness. The leaves and cones of pine and cypress plants are the important characteristics of distinguishing specific species, and together with bark and roots, they become the most ornamental and artistic characteristics of pine cypress. Pine cypress plants can produce natural wonders such as Songtao, rime and so on when they undergo phenological changes; the pine plants of Larix, Metasequoia, and Larix are conifers with significant seasonal changes. 3. In different scales, such as "surface", "flake", "line" and "dot", pine and cypress plants can form the plant landscape that other types of plants can not replace. In scenic areas, nature reserves, royal gardens and other types of plants often show the appearance and flake of the beauty of the landscape types, such as mausoleum, roads and other types of landscape often in a regular form of linear arrangement, In classical private gardens, city parks, plant gardens, plants are usually planted in the form of dots, paying attention to the cultural and monomeric posture of plants. 4, from the configuration mode, "Arbor shrub land cover" is the most common type of pine and cypress, which is mainly used in lawn landscape, country forest landscape and waterfront large-scale landscape type. The layer structure of Arbor-shrub-ground cover is mainly used in the small and medium scale memorial landscape and garden space. In order to maintain the unity of the landscape and highlight the towering and erect characteristics, it is not suggested that the pine and cypress plants should be matched with other types of plants in the same community layer, and in different layers, the trees and shrubs with bright flowers and fruits will set off a good effect.
【学位授予单位】：浙江农林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S687
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