明清时期皇权、市

发布时间：2018-06-08 02:51

本文选题：油画 + 明清　；参考：《湖南师范大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：明万历年间,西方基督教的重新入华,同时也带来了西方艺术,这其中就包括了油画。明代也是西方油画材料技法完善和成熟的时期,传教士将作传教之用的宗教油画带入中国,使油画这一西方画种开始在中国传播和发展。明清时期油画在中国传播有三条主要的历史脉络,即伴随传教活动的宗教油画、清宫内作装饰与写真的宫廷油画和广州口岸的外销油画。通过考察我们能发现,油画在明清时期没有获得独立的发展空间,而只是作为某种工具而得以生存和发展,作传教之用的宗教油画只是传播宗教、吸引教徒的工具；清宫油画亦是清代皇帝手中肖像写真、宫苑装饰的工具；而广州的外销油画,亦只是作为商品作为外销画人手中获取商业利益的工具和手段。宗教油画由于清朝禁教的限制没有获得发展的空间,清宫内的油画则受到皇权因素的影响和制约,外销油画主要受到市场因素的影响,而文艺传统对油画传播的限制则是最根本的因素。因而,皇权、市场、文艺传统因素对油画传播产生影响并最终决定了明清油画的传播状态。在清宫内,满清统治者相对汉人统治而言更易于接受油画。清代皇帝对油画的写实性特征产生一定的兴趣,因而充当了赞助人的角色将油画用作装饰宫殿园苑的装饰和写真传影的工具,使油画在清宫内获得一定的生存空间。出于中国传统审美趣味的影响又对油画进行了符合中国审美习惯的改造,造就了清宫油画的独特面貌。在广州的通商口岸,出于社会底层的广州画人,面对西方的市场需求,学习油画技法并用以谋取商业利益。市场的需求支撑了外销油画的发展,外销油画的材料技法和风格样式都紧跟西方口味,使油画在中国获得更全面的传播。但同时,市场的局限性也使得外销油画难以逃脱消亡的命运。文艺传统因素对西方油画在中国传播的影响更具本质性,拥有深厚文化传统的明清文人士大夫阶层,基于自身优厚的传统对油画进行品评,最终将迥异于中国绘画的西方油画拒之门外。
[Abstract]:During the Ming Dynasty, Western Christianity re-entered China and brought western art, including oil paintings. The Ming Dynasty was also a period of perfection and maturity of western oil painting materials. Missionaries brought religious paintings used for missionary purposes into China, making oil painting, a kind of western painting, spread and develop in China. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were three main historical veins of oil painting dissemination in China, namely, religious oil painting accompanied by missionary activities, palace oil painting with decoration and portrait in the Qing Palace and export oil painting at Guangzhou Port. Through investigation, we can find that oil painting did not obtain independent development space in Ming and Qing dynasties, but only existed and developed as a kind of tool, and the religious painting used as a missionary was only a tool to spread religion and attract believers. Qing palace oil painting is also a tool for portrait and palace decoration in Qing dynasty, and Guangzhou export oil painting is only a tool and means to obtain commercial benefits in the hands of export painters. Owing to the restriction of the ban on religion in the Qing Dynasty, religious oil paintings had no room for development, while the paintings in the Qing Palace were influenced and restricted by imperial power factors, while the export oil paintings were mainly influenced by market factors. And the literary tradition to the oil painting dissemination restriction is the most fundamental factor. Therefore, the imperial power, market, literary and artistic traditional factors have an impact on the oil painting dissemination and ultimately determine the state of oil painting dissemination in Ming and Qing dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, Manchu rulers are more receptive to oil painting than Han rule. The emperor of Qing Dynasty had a certain interest in the realistic character of oil painting, so he acted as a patron and used oil painting as a tool for decorative palace garden decoration and portrait transmission, so that oil painting could obtain a certain living space in the Qing palace. Because of the influence of Chinese traditional aesthetic taste, the oil painting has been reformed in accordance with Chinese aesthetic custom, which has created the unique appearance of Qing Palace oil painting. At the trade port of Guangzhou, in the face of the market demand of the west, the people of Guangzhou painting at the bottom of the society studied the oil painting technique and used it to obtain the commercial benefit. The demand of the market supports the development of foreign oil painting. The material technique and style of export oil painting keep up with the western taste and make the oil painting more comprehensive spread in China. But at the same time, the limitations of the market also make it difficult to escape the fate of exportation oil painting. The influence of the traditional factors of literature and art on the dissemination of western oil paintings in China is more essential. The literati and bureaucrats of the Ming and Qing dynasties, who have profound cultural traditions, evaluate oil paintings on the basis of their own excellent tradition. In the end, Western oil painting, which is totally different from Chinese painting, will be shut out.
【学位授予单位】：湖南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：J209.2

【参考文献】