超越美学:一段论争史——兼评实践美学与超越美学论争的得与失

发布时间：2018-11-04 12:47

【摘要】：实践美学与超越美学的论争是新时期美学发展中的一个重要事件。纵观两者十几年的论争,其争辩的焦点主要集中在两对概念上:一是实践和生存之争,这是美学研究本体论(哲学基础)之争;二是现实性与超越性之争,这是审美本质之争。这两对概念在康德美学中都有着或明或暗的阐释,特别是康德美学的主题"自然与自由和谐论"以及"两种实践的观点"对科学评价这场论争有着重要的启示意义。通过对康德美学的分析,我们可以看出实践美学与超越美学论争的得与失。具体而言,超越美学是一种以"为什么"代替"怎样"、以追问代替体验、以终极关怀代替现世关怀、以许诺代替创造的美学,它只是顾及了美学家自己理论运作的快感,对人追求现世幸福的大愿并无裨益。扩而言之,这是一种美化世界末日的美学,它建设的审美乌托邦像一个空洞的馅饼,像海市蜃楼般的幻象,它引诱人舍弃一切现世的幸福去追赶,但到头来往往还是可望而不可即。在这方面,实践存在论美学是有其理论价值的,它通过对实践的新阐释,将实践理解为人的一种生存境界,在实践的自由创造中产生审美和艺术,这是一种立足于现实的美学,但并不忽视人的生存处境,是对康德、马克思实践自由观点的超越和发展,因而可以看作是美学在新世纪的一条突破之径。
[Abstract]:The controversy between practical aesthetics and transcendental aesthetics is an important event in the development of aesthetics in the new period. Throughout the more than ten years of controversy between the two, the focus of the debate is mainly on two pairs of concepts: one is the dispute between practice and existence, which is the ontological (philosophical basis) of aesthetic research; the other is the dispute between reality and transcendence, which is the dispute of aesthetic essence. These two pairs of concepts have been explained in Kant's aesthetics, especially the themes of Kant's aesthetics, "Harmony between Nature and Freedom" and "two practical viewpoints", which have important implications for the debate on scientific evaluation. Through the analysis of Kant's aesthetics, we can see the gains and losses of the controversy between practical aesthetics and transcendental aesthetics. Specifically, transcendental aesthetics is a kind of aesthetics that replaces "how" with "why", "how" with questioning instead of experience, with ultimate care instead of worldly care, and with promise instead of creation. It only takes into account the pleasure of the aesthetician's own theoretical operation. It is of no benefit to one's great aspiration to seek the happiness of the world. In a broader sense, it is an aesthetics that beautifies the end of the world. The aesthetic utopia it builds is like an empty pie, like a mirage, and it induces people to abandon all the happiness of the world to pursue. But in the end, it is often impossible to expect. In this respect, practical existentialism aesthetics has its theoretical value. Through the new interpretation of practice, it understands practice as a living state of human beings and produces aesthetics and art in the free creation of practice, which is a kind of aesthetics based on reality. However, it is the transcendence and development of Kant's and Marx's viewpoint of freedom of practice, so it can be regarded as a breakthrough path of aesthetics in the new century.
【作者单位】：温州大学人文学院;
【基金】：中国博士后基金资助项目:20080441128
【分类号】：B83-06

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