论典型环境在现实主义中的地位——对恩格斯有关思想的几点理解

发布时间：2018-12-12 10:46

【摘要】：关于现实主义的基本特征,恩格斯突出强调了典型环境的重要性。本文认为,现实是本质和现象的统一,必须同时具有必然性。典型环境不等于现实性本身,但二者有着密切的联系,现实性是典型环境的内核和客观依据,典型环境则是现实性的具体艺术体现。然而“现实”在具体历史时期内的各个发展阶段上,表现形态是不同的。当新的历史观刚刚诞生却未被普遍接受时,要写出现实,必须具有较高的着眼点,较深的历史感。文学创作具有现实性的关键,就在于展示出个别的、具体的事物同由客观生产方式所决定的时代必然趋势之间的关系。典型环境之所以必不可少,就在于它是展示这种关系的必然条件。没有典型环境,就谈不上真实性。在实际创作中,还应解决好典型环境的表现方法问题,充分注意到典型环境的“虚写”方式。
[Abstract]:On the basic characteristics of realism, Engels highlighted the importance of typical environment. This paper holds that reality is the unity of essence and phenomenon, and must have inevitability at the same time. The typical environment is not equal to the reality itself, but the two are closely related. Reality is the kernel and objective basis of the typical environment, and the typical environment is the concrete artistic embodiment of the reality. However, reality is different in each stage of development in specific historical period. When the new concept of history has just been born but has not been generally accepted, to write the reality, we must have a higher focus, a deeper sense of history. The key to the reality of literary creation lies in showing the relationship between individual and concrete things and the inevitable trend of the times determined by the objective mode of production. The reason why the typical environment is necessary is that it is the necessary condition to show the relationship. Without a typical environment, there is no truth. In practical creation, we should also solve the problem of representation of typical environment and pay full attention to the "fictitious writing" mode of typical environment.
【作者单位】：吉林大学中文系

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