新装修住宅室内空气污染物—甲醛的污染调查分析与防治对策
发布时间：2018-09-06 07:45
【摘要】：据世界卫生组织（WHO）调查结果显示，世界上30％的新建和重修的建筑物中发现室内空气有害健康，这些被污染的室内空气已经导致全球性的人口发病率和死亡率的增加，室内空气污染已被列入对公众健康危害的五种环境因素之一。国际上一些室内环境专家提醒人们，在经历了工业革命带来的“煤烟型污染”和“光化学烟雾型污染”之后，现代人已经进入了以“室内空气污染”为标志的第三个污染时期。人类社会在进入信息时代以后，生活的转型使得人们停留在室内的时间越来越长，因此，家庭、办公室等建筑物的环境质量异常重要。 室内空气污染与大气空气污染由于所处的环境不同，其污染特征也不同。室内空气污染具有累积性、长期性和多样性等特征。室内环境污染往往比室外污染的危害更为严重，空气中的微粒、细菌、病毒和其他有害物质日积月累地损害着人们的身体健康，特别是长期处于封闭室内环境的人尤其如此。 随着住宅改革和国民生活水平的提高，特别是建材工业的高速发展及装修热的兴起，由装饰材料所造成的污染成了室内污染的主要来源。在居住条件大幅度改善的同时，室内空气品质却不断恶化。就我国目前而言，引起居室室内空气污染最主要原因是由于不良装修，即在装修过程中使用了含有大量有害物质如甲醛、氨、挥发性有机物等一些装饰材料。大量文献表明，在国内引起室内空气污染的最主要原因是由于装修过程中使用的各种各样的不良建材，这些建材成为污染室内空气的污染源，很多装饰装修材料都含有种类不同、数量不等的各种污染物。其中大多数是具有挥发性的，可造成较为严重的室内空气污染，通过呼吸道、皮肤、眼睛等对室内人群的健康产生很大的危害。而在这些室内空气污染物中，甲醛与 WP=58 其他室内有机污染物相比，其来源与影响在装饰装修室内环境中最为突出，故引起广泛的重视。 用做室内装饰的胶合板、细木工板、中密度纤维板和刨花板等人造板材中都含有甲醛，即使长期接触低剂量的甲醛也会引起慢性呼吸道疾病，高浓度的甲醛对神经系统、肝脏等都有毒害，长期接触较高浓度的甲醛会出现急性精神抑郁症，国际癌症研究所已将其作为可致癌物对待。由建筑材料排入空气中的甲醛逐年增加，尤其在住宅装修热的当今，室内的甲醛污染已引起人们的极大关注。 新装修住宅指的是装饰装修工作结束一个月以内的住宅。本论文在2002年7月到2004年3月间，对25个新装修住宅内的居室中的甲醛浓度作了调查、采样、分析与监测，并对其中甲醛污染严重的住宅进行了重点跟踪监测，并对监测和调查的结果进行了研究与分析。 新装修住宅的室内甲醛浓度超标现象相当严重，在监测的25组数据中，有19组数据超过国家标准，超标率近80%。最高的达到国家标准的近6倍，平均超出标准1.3倍。本文通过对住宅装修过程中以细木工板为代表的人造板材使用量的调查，以及住宅内甲醛气体浓度的监测结果，发现室内空气中甲醛的浓度与单位体积内使用的细木工板的数量是基本成正比关系的。在住宅居室顶高基本相同或差异很小的情况下，单位面积内细木工板的使用量越多，甲醛散发材料的表面积就越大，同时室内空气中甲醛的浓度也就越高。 本文发现室内空气中的甲醛来源于室内的人造板材等装饰装修材料，而对于甲醛的污染源而言，甲醛位于人造板材的深层而不是在表面，其对甲醛的释放是一个缓慢的、连续的、不间断的过程，室内短时间的通风可以使甲醛的浓度暂时降低，但是如果停止通风 WP=59 或通风换气的效果不好，甲醛的浓度就会随着污染源的不断释放，在室内不断集聚而升高，导致室内甲醛浓度超标。 本文经过对实验对象的跟踪监测，发现通过自然通风，室内甲醛浓度明显降低，加强通风有利于室内甲醛的稀释、散发和排出。事实表明，室内空气快速流动对降低甲醛浓度效果很好，是促进甲醛浓度降低的非常有效的办法。 为了研究自然通风对室内甲醛浓度的降低过程与时间的关系，本文对3户新装修住宅进行了连续监测。发现在7～8月里，是东北地区一年之中日平均气温最高、日照时间最长的时间，，从直觉上看，室内甲醛的浓度由于通风稀释而降低，但是甲醛的污染是一个连续不断的释放过程，高温、强烈的日照会增大甲醛从板材中的散发力度，加快甲醛的散发频率，会部分抵消了通风换气造成的甲醛浓度降低值，由此可见，通风使浓度降低，高温却使释放量增加了，通风有其局限性。 在8、9月份，甲醛浓度下降最快，降幅最大，这是因为随着气候的改变，气温降低抑制了甲醛从板材里的散发，而随着风力的增大和室内外温差的增大，通风的力度加强，稀释和扩散甲醛的速度加快，导致的甲醛浓度的迅速降低。 在10～12月里，随着气温的进一步降低，住宅开门开窗的时间减少，通风换气的频率降低，而室内甲醛还在从人造板材中缓慢散发，甲醛的散发与稀释扩散达到了一个相对的平衡状态。 室内甲醛的控制，关键是避免引入污染源，控制能够给环境带来甲醛的材料进入室内。在进行室内装饰装修应尽量采用不含甲醛或者甲醛含量低的装饰、装修材料，选用符合国家标准、高质量的健康环保建材。各级政府主管部门应适时强制淘汰落后产品和工艺。 WP=60 大力开发“绿色建材
[Abstract]:According to the results of the World Health Organization (WHO) survey, 30% of the newly built and rebuilt buildings in the world have found that indoor air is harmful to human health. These polluted indoor air has led to an increase in global population morbidity and mortality. Indoor air pollution has been listed as one of the five environmental factors of public health hazards. Some indoor environmental experts warned people that after the "soot pollution" and "photochemical soot pollution" brought about by the industrial revolution, modern people have entered the third period of pollution marked by "indoor air pollution". The time inside is getting longer and longer, so the environment quality of buildings such as family and office is very important.
Indoor air pollution and atmospheric air pollution are different because of their different environments. Indoor air pollution is cumulative, long-term and diverse. Indoor air pollution is often more serious than outdoor pollution. Particles, bacteria, viruses and other harmful substances in the air are harming people over time. People's health, especially those who are in closed indoor environment for a long time, are especially so.
With the housing reform and the improvement of the national living standard, especially the rapid development of building materials industry and the rise of decoration fever, the pollution caused by decoration materials has become the main source of indoor pollution. The main reason of dyeing is bad decoration, that is, a lot of harmful substances such as formaldehyde, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and other decorative materials are used in the decoration process. Pollution sources of indoor air, many decoration materials contain a variety of pollutants of different types and quantities. Most of them are volatile, can cause more serious indoor air pollution, through the respiratory tract, skin, eyes and other indoor people's health hazards. Formaldehyde and
WP=58
Compared with other indoor organic pollutants, their sources and effects are most prominent in the decoration indoor environment, so it has attracted widespread attention.
Formaldehyde is found in wood-based panels such as plywood, cabinetwork, MDF and particleboard for indoor decoration. Even long-term exposure to low doses of formaldehyde can cause chronic respiratory diseases. High concentrations of formaldehyde are toxic to the nervous system, liver and so on. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of formaldehyde can lead to acute depression. It has been treated as a carcinogen by the International Cancer Research Institute. Formaldehyde discharged from building materials into the air is increasing year by year. Especially in the current residential decoration heat, indoor formaldehyde pollution has aroused great concern.
This paper investigates the formaldehyde concentration in the rooms of 25 newly decorated houses from July 2002 to March 2004, sampling, analyzing and monitoring the formaldehyde concentration in the rooms of the newly decorated houses. The fruit was studied and analyzed.
The indoor formaldehyde concentration of newly decorated houses exceeded the national standard seriously. Among the 25 groups of data monitored, 19 groups exceeded the national standard, and the rate exceeded the national standard nearly 80%. The highest reached nearly 6 times of the national standard, and the average exceeded the standard 1.3 times. It is found that the concentration of formaldehyde in the indoor air is proportional to the number of BLOCKBOARDS used in a unit volume. The more BLOCKBOARDS used in a unit area, the larger the surface area of the formaldehyde emission materials. The greater the concentration of formaldehyde in indoor air, the higher the concentration of formaldehyde.
It is found that formaldehyde in indoor air is derived from decorative materials such as artificial panel. For formaldehyde pollution sources, formaldehyde is located in the deep layer of artificial panel instead of on the surface. The release of formaldehyde is a slow, continuous and uninterrupted process. Short-term indoor ventilation can make the concentration of formaldehyde temporarily. Lower, but if ventilation is stopped
WP=59
If the effect of ventilation is not good, the concentration of formaldehyde will increase with the continuous release of pollution sources, and the concentration of formaldehyde in the room will continue to increase, leading to excessive indoor formaldehyde concentration.
Through tracing and monitoring the experimental objects, it is found that the indoor formaldehyde concentration is obviously reduced by natural ventilation. Enhanced ventilation is conducive to the dilution, emission and discharge of indoor formaldehyde.
In order to study the relationship between the reduction of indoor formaldehyde concentration by natural ventilation and time, three newly decorated houses were continuously monitored. It was found that the daily average temperature was the highest and the sunshine time was the longest in the year from July to August in Northeast China. Formaldehyde pollution is a continuous release process. High temperature and intense sunshine will increase the intensity of formaldehyde emission from the plate, accelerate the frequency of formaldehyde emission, and partially offset the reduction of formaldehyde concentration caused by ventilation and ventilation.
In August and September, the concentration of formaldehyde declined fastest and the largest, because with the change of climate, the decrease of air temperature inhibited the emission of formaldehyde from the plate. With the increase of wind force and indoor and outdoor temperature difference, the ventilation intensity increased, the speed of formaldehyde dilution and diffusion accelerated, resulting in the rapid reduction of formaldehyde concentration.
From October to December, with the further decrease of temperature, the time of opening doors and windows decreases, and the frequency of ventilation and ventilation decreases. Indoor formaldehyde is still emitted slowly from man-made panels, and the emission and dilution of formaldehyde reach a relative balance.
The key to the control of indoor formaldehyde is to avoid introducing pollution sources and to control the materials that can bring formaldehyde into the indoor environment.In indoor decoration and decoration, decoration materials should be adopted as far as possible without formaldehyde or low formaldehyde content, and healthy and environmental protection building materials should be selected which meet the national standards and of high quality.The competent government departments at all levels should be timely and strong. Eliminate backward products and processes.
WP=60
Vigorously develop "green building materials"
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：X51
本文编号：2225697
[Abstract]:According to the results of the World Health Organization (WHO) survey, 30% of the newly built and rebuilt buildings in the world have found that indoor air is harmful to human health. These polluted indoor air has led to an increase in global population morbidity and mortality. Indoor air pollution has been listed as one of the five environmental factors of public health hazards. Some indoor environmental experts warned people that after the "soot pollution" and "photochemical soot pollution" brought about by the industrial revolution, modern people have entered the third period of pollution marked by "indoor air pollution". The time inside is getting longer and longer, so the environment quality of buildings such as family and office is very important.
Indoor air pollution and atmospheric air pollution are different because of their different environments. Indoor air pollution is cumulative, long-term and diverse. Indoor air pollution is often more serious than outdoor pollution. Particles, bacteria, viruses and other harmful substances in the air are harming people over time. People's health, especially those who are in closed indoor environment for a long time, are especially so.
With the housing reform and the improvement of the national living standard, especially the rapid development of building materials industry and the rise of decoration fever, the pollution caused by decoration materials has become the main source of indoor pollution. The main reason of dyeing is bad decoration, that is, a lot of harmful substances such as formaldehyde, ammonia, volatile organic compounds and other decorative materials are used in the decoration process. Pollution sources of indoor air, many decoration materials contain a variety of pollutants of different types and quantities. Most of them are volatile, can cause more serious indoor air pollution, through the respiratory tract, skin, eyes and other indoor people's health hazards. Formaldehyde and
WP=58
Compared with other indoor organic pollutants, their sources and effects are most prominent in the decoration indoor environment, so it has attracted widespread attention.
Formaldehyde is found in wood-based panels such as plywood, cabinetwork, MDF and particleboard for indoor decoration. Even long-term exposure to low doses of formaldehyde can cause chronic respiratory diseases. High concentrations of formaldehyde are toxic to the nervous system, liver and so on. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of formaldehyde can lead to acute depression. It has been treated as a carcinogen by the International Cancer Research Institute. Formaldehyde discharged from building materials into the air is increasing year by year. Especially in the current residential decoration heat, indoor formaldehyde pollution has aroused great concern.
This paper investigates the formaldehyde concentration in the rooms of 25 newly decorated houses from July 2002 to March 2004, sampling, analyzing and monitoring the formaldehyde concentration in the rooms of the newly decorated houses. The fruit was studied and analyzed.
The indoor formaldehyde concentration of newly decorated houses exceeded the national standard seriously. Among the 25 groups of data monitored, 19 groups exceeded the national standard, and the rate exceeded the national standard nearly 80%. The highest reached nearly 6 times of the national standard, and the average exceeded the standard 1.3 times. It is found that the concentration of formaldehyde in the indoor air is proportional to the number of BLOCKBOARDS used in a unit volume. The more BLOCKBOARDS used in a unit area, the larger the surface area of the formaldehyde emission materials. The greater the concentration of formaldehyde in indoor air, the higher the concentration of formaldehyde.
It is found that formaldehyde in indoor air is derived from decorative materials such as artificial panel. For formaldehyde pollution sources, formaldehyde is located in the deep layer of artificial panel instead of on the surface. The release of formaldehyde is a slow, continuous and uninterrupted process. Short-term indoor ventilation can make the concentration of formaldehyde temporarily. Lower, but if ventilation is stopped
WP=59
If the effect of ventilation is not good, the concentration of formaldehyde will increase with the continuous release of pollution sources, and the concentration of formaldehyde in the room will continue to increase, leading to excessive indoor formaldehyde concentration.
Through tracing and monitoring the experimental objects, it is found that the indoor formaldehyde concentration is obviously reduced by natural ventilation. Enhanced ventilation is conducive to the dilution, emission and discharge of indoor formaldehyde.
In order to study the relationship between the reduction of indoor formaldehyde concentration by natural ventilation and time, three newly decorated houses were continuously monitored. It was found that the daily average temperature was the highest and the sunshine time was the longest in the year from July to August in Northeast China. Formaldehyde pollution is a continuous release process. High temperature and intense sunshine will increase the intensity of formaldehyde emission from the plate, accelerate the frequency of formaldehyde emission, and partially offset the reduction of formaldehyde concentration caused by ventilation and ventilation.
In August and September, the concentration of formaldehyde declined fastest and the largest, because with the change of climate, the decrease of air temperature inhibited the emission of formaldehyde from the plate. With the increase of wind force and indoor and outdoor temperature difference, the ventilation intensity increased, the speed of formaldehyde dilution and diffusion accelerated, resulting in the rapid reduction of formaldehyde concentration.
From October to December, with the further decrease of temperature, the time of opening doors and windows decreases, and the frequency of ventilation and ventilation decreases. Indoor formaldehyde is still emitted slowly from man-made panels, and the emission and dilution of formaldehyde reach a relative balance.
The key to the control of indoor formaldehyde is to avoid introducing pollution sources and to control the materials that can bring formaldehyde into the indoor environment.In indoor decoration and decoration, decoration materials should be adopted as far as possible without formaldehyde or low formaldehyde content, and healthy and environmental protection building materials should be selected which meet the national standards and of high quality.The competent government departments at all levels should be timely and strong. Eliminate backward products and processes.
WP=60
Vigorously develop "green building materials"
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：X51
【引证文献】
相关硕士学位论文 前5条
1 费跃;碳纳米管基气敏传感器检测室内甲醛研究[D];华东理工大学;2011年
2 张倩;彩色活性炭的制备[D];东北林业大学;2011年
3 李妍妍;强化复合地板模拟室内环境甲醛释放规律的研究[D];南京林业大学;2008年
4 马亚梦;装修居室甲醛污染状况及功能植物的甲醛去除能力研究[D];中南大学;2012年
5 耿耿;室内建材污染物的释放及控制技术的实验研究[D];沈阳建筑大学;2012年
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