山西地区仿木建筑浅析

发布时间：2018-09-08 07:25

【摘要】：中国历史文化悠久,遗产丰厚。作为华夏民族发源地之一的山西地区,其地上文物分布广泛,种类繁多。又由于地处北方游牧文化与中原农耕文化的交流地带,该地区建筑显现出独特的地域文化特质。中国古建筑以木材为主要建筑材料,千百年来,建筑的发展围绕着木材的加工工艺展开。但作为众多木构建筑中少数存在的砖石建筑,因其建筑材料本身具有的耐久性强等原因被广泛的应用于纪念性或标志性的建筑类型中。时至今日,留存于世的砖石建筑成为历史最集中的载体。受漫长建造历史的熏陶,我国古代砖石建筑在遵循其固有建造特性的同时,努力模仿着木构建筑的造型语言,在建筑史上留下了不朽的传奇色彩。仿作历来是建筑创作中的一种奇特的现象。砖石建筑在我国的发展历史上曾经被大量创造。这些建筑实例包括从地面上的佛塔到地下的陵墓。现今,这种建筑仿作仍以惊人的数量存在着并生动的展现在研究者眼前。以下,笔者通过实地走访、测量和调研多处仿木代表建筑并加以总结史料和文献的记载,详细的论述了仿木建筑的类型特征、历史文化和技术形式。山西地区仿木建筑主要包括砖塔、无梁殿、窑洞、陵墓等。其运用仿木因素的手法各不相同,展现出的风格也各具特色。笔者认为其中技艺最为精湛、外形最具魅力的当属仿木砖塔。作为一大仿木建筑类型,砖塔在我国历史悠久。而纵观山西历代各地区的仿木砖塔,又数山西北部的辽代砖塔最有代表性。与其他仿木砖塔所不同的是,辽塔并不照搬木构建筑的造型特征,在某种程度上,辽塔对砖石材料的结构性能作出新的探索与尝试。在结构和造型上适当的考虑砖石材料本质的属性,创造出诸如华塔等新类型,开辟了砖塔基座的新风格。这无疑是砖石建筑在我国古代的一次伟大进步,从而赋予辽塔举世瞩目的成就。另外一类山西地区重要的仿木砖石建筑笔者统称为无梁结构砖石建筑,大体包括在结构上利用迭涩技术或者拱券来代替木质梁架承重体系、并采用仿木砖石构件和仿木装饰的一类建筑。其类型主要包括宗教建筑中的无梁殿和居住类建筑的窑洞。无梁殿,顾名思义,是指纯粹利用砖石承重而筑成的大殿,在明清时期达到最鼎盛。这类建筑总体方面通常由一座或数座筒拱纵、并联或是交叉组合而成。因无梁殿中供奉无量寿佛,所以也被称之为无量殿。古建筑的价值在于它们传递出往昔岁月中社会、经济、文化、艺术等诸多珍贵内容以及历史学方面无穷的研究价值。尤其是在拱券、拱筒和叠涩等技术方面的造诣和砖雕和藻井等艺术方面的成就在砖石仿木建筑当中体现的淋漓尽致。
[Abstract]:China has a long history and rich heritage. Shanxi, as one of the birthplaces of Chinese nationality, has a wide range of above-ground cultural relics. Because it is located in the exchange zone between nomadic culture and farming culture of the Central Plains, the architecture of this area shows unique regional cultural characteristics. Wood is the main building material in ancient Chinese architecture. For thousands of years, the development of architecture revolved around the wood processing technology. However, as a few masonry buildings in many wood structures, because of the durability of the building materials, it has been widely used in commemorative or iconic architectural types. To this day, the masonry architecture retained in the world has become the most concentrated carrier of history. Influenced by the long history of construction, the ancient masonry buildings in our country, while following their inherent construction characteristics, try to imitate the modeling language of wooden structures, leaving immortal legendary colors in the history of architecture. Imitation has always been a strange phenomenon in architectural creation. Masonry buildings have been created in the history of our country. Examples of these buildings range from pagodas on the ground to tombs underground. Today, this kind of architectural imitation still exists in an astonishing number and is vividly displayed in front of the researchers. Following, the author through the field visit, survey and research many imitation wooden representative building and summarize the historical data and the document record, elaborated the type characteristic, the history culture and the technical form of the imitation wood building in detail. Shanxi area imitation wood building mainly includes brick tower, no beam hall, cave, mausoleum and so on. Its use of wood-imitating factors of different techniques, showing the style also has its own characteristics. The author believes that the most exquisite craft, the most attractive shape when the imitation wooden brick tower. As a large type of wooden architecture, brick towers have a long history in China. Throughout the past dynasties in Shanxi Province, the wooden brick tower, but also the northern part of Shanxi Liao Dynasty brick tower is the most representative. Different from other wood-imitating brick towers, the Liao Tower does not copy the modeling characteristics of wood-structure buildings. To some extent, the Liao Tower makes a new exploration and attempt on the structural properties of masonry materials. The nature of masonry material is considered properly in structure and shape to create new types such as tower, which opens up a new style of brick tower base. This is undoubtedly a great progress of masonry architecture in ancient China, thus giving the Liao pagoda a remarkable achievement. Another kind of important wood-imitating masonry buildings in Shanxi area the author collectively called beamless masonry structures, generally including the use of overlapping techniques or arch coupons in the structure to replace the wooden beam-frame load-bearing system. And the use of wood-like masonry members and wood-like decoration of a class of buildings. The main types of religious buildings include the hall without beams and residential buildings cave. The hall without beam, as its name implies, refers to the hall built purely from brick and stone, reaching its peak in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The overall aspect of this type of building is usually composed of one or more tubular arches in longitudinal, parallel or cross combinations. Because there is no beam in the worship of infinite Buddha, so also known as the infinite hall. The value of ancient architecture is that it conveys many precious contents such as society, economy, culture, art and so on in the past years, as well as the infinite research value of history. Especially in the arch coupons, arch tube and stacked acerbity and other technical attainments and brick carving and algae wells and other artistic achievements in masonry imitating wood architecture reflected incisively and vividly.
【学位授予单位】：太原理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：TU398

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