惠特曼《草叶集》在中国的翻译与接受

发布时间：2018-05-07 23:10

本文选题：《草叶集》 + 翻译　；参考：《四川大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 美国伟大诗人沃尔特·惠特曼(1819-1892)一生只留下了一部诗集，那就是今天被称为“美国史诗”的《草叶集》。这部倾注了惠特曼毕生心血的作品自1855年问世以来，从倍受指责和争议到渐渐得到承认，到最终被公认为美国文学史上一部划时代的巨著，其间足足经历了一百多年。惠特曼是第一位在世界范围内获得声誉的美国诗人，至今在许多国家，他仍然是最为人们熟知的美国诗人之一。世界上几乎所有的主要语种都有《草叶集》的译本，而惠特曼那开一代先河的诗风，则对不同国家不同流派的诗人产生了持久而深远的影响。 1919年7月，田汉在《少年中国》创刊号上发表了长文《平民诗人惠特曼的百年祭》，热情地介绍惠特曼和他的《草叶集》，从此拉开了惠特曼的《草叶集》在中国近九十年的译介历程。从二、三十年代散见于各种文学期刊的零星诗歌译文，到四十年代多种《草叶集》选集的出版；从五、六十年代几乎没有新译出现的低潮期，，到新时期以来三种《草叶集》全集的问世，这部伟大的诗集在中国经历了一段曲折的翻译史。其间，众多译家和诗人先后参与了《草叶集》的翻译，通过他们的不断努力，《草叶集》渐渐在中国读者的面前呈现出全貌。《草叶集》在中国的翻译历程，不是一连串孤立的事件，每一个阶段的变化，都与当时的历史、政治、文化背景息息相关。在影响翻译的各种因素当中，不同历史时期的意识形态和主导诗学起到了关键性的作用，制约着翻译的方方面面。《草叶集》中贯穿的民主、自由、平等的思想，新颖的诗歌形式，雄浑壮阔的诗风，在中国众多的文人、学者和普通读者中产生了持续而重要的影响，尤其与中国新诗的发展结下了不解之缘。而《草叶集》在中国读者、尤其是中国新诗人中的接受情况，也随着中国社会和历史的变迁而呈现出不同的面貌。究其原因，是由于不同历史时期的读者有着不同的期待视域，不同的社会政治文化环境对于文学作品的评价也会产生不同的标准。本文以勒菲弗尔(Andre Lefevere)关于意识形态、诗学、翻译之间关系的理论以及尧斯(Hans Robert Jauss)的接受理论为理论依据，对《草叶集》在中国的翻译和接受历程进行了梳理和分析。试图将史料、述评与文本分析相结合，考察在不同历史时期《草叶集》的翻译和接受呈现出的不同特点，并分析导致这些不同的根本原因。全文除引言和结语外，共分为四个部分。引言部分扼要介绍了本文的主题、研究方法和基本结构。第一章介绍了惠特曼的生平和《草叶集》的成长历程、惠特曼诗歌的艺术特色、《草叶集》在世界范围内的翻译情况和影响；第二章回溯了《草叶集》在中国的翻译历程，以勒菲弗尔关于意识形态、诗学、翻译之间关系的理论为依据，分析了不同历史阶段《草叶集》的翻译呈现出的不同特点：第三章对《草叶集》的三个不同译本进行比较分析，以长诗《我自己之歌》的翻译为例，揭示三位译者采取的不同翻译策略和他们各自所处的历史文化背景对其译本产生的影响。第四章分析了《草叶集》在中国的接受情况，依据尧斯的接受理论，着重考察了《草叶集》在中国新诗发展的不同历史时期，对中国新诗人产生的不同影响。结语部分对全文进行了回顾和总结，并强调了从社会历史角度进行翻译研究的重要性。
[Abstract]:The great American poet Walter Whitman (1819-1892) left only one collection of poems in his life, which is called the "American epic" "the grass leaf". This work, which has devoted his life to Whitman's life, has been recognized from the accusation and controversy in 1855, and is eventually recognized as one of the history of American literature. The great works of the times have gone through more than 100 years. Whitman is the first American poet to get a reputation worldwide. He is still one of the most well known American poets in many countries. Almost all the main languages in the world have the translated version of the "grass leaf", and Whitman's poetic style of the first generation. It has a lasting and far-reaching influence on poets of different countries and different schools.
In July 1919, Tian Han published the Centennial sacrifice of the long essay, "the civilian poet Whitman" on the "juvenile China >", and enthusiastically introduced Whitman and his "grass leaf collection". From then on, he opened the course of translation and introduction of Whitman's < grass leaf > in China for nearly ninety years. From two, in 30s, it was scattered in the sporadic poetry translation of various literary periodicals, to forty years. In the period of five, there were almost no new translations in the low tide period from five to 60s. In the new period, the complete collection of three kinds of "grass leaves" had come out, and the great poetry set experienced a tortuous translation history in China. During this period, many translators and poets have joined the translation of the "grass leaf collection" successively, through their continuous nurseries. The course of translation in China is not a series of isolated events, and the changes in each stage are closely related to the historical, political and cultural background of the time. Among the various factors affecting translation, the ideology and the dominant poetry of different historical periods have been learned. The key role restricts every aspect of translation.
The democracy, the freedom, the equal thought, the novel poetry form and the magnificent and magnificent poetic style run through the "grass leaf collection", which have produced a continuous and important influence in many Chinese scholars, scholars and ordinary readers, especially with the development of Chinese new poetry. The situation is also different with the change of Chinese society and history. The reason is that readers of different historical periods have different expectations, and different social political and cultural environment will produce different standards for the evaluation of literary works.
This paper, based on the theory of the relationship between ideology, poetics and translation, and the acceptance theory of "Hans Robert Jauss" ("Hans Robert Jauss"), is a theoretical basis for the translation and acceptance of the "Hans Robert Jauss" in China. The different characteristics of translation and reception of grass leaf collection are analyzed, and the underlying reasons leading to these differences are analyzed.
In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the full text is divided into four parts.
The introduction briefly introduces the theme, research methods and basic structure of this article.
The first chapter introduces the life of Whitman and the course of the growth of the set of the grass leaves, the artistic features of Whitman's poetry, the translation and influence of the "grass leaf" in the world.
The second chapter traces back to the translation course of the "grass leaf set" in China. Based on the theory of the relationship between ideology, poetics and translation, the different characteristics of the translation of "grass leaf" in different historical stages are analyzed.
The third chapter makes a comparative analysis of the three different versions of the "grass leaf collection", and takes the translation of the long poem "my own song >" as an example to reveal the influence of the different translation strategies adopted by the three translators and their respective historical and cultural backgrounds on their translation.
The fourth chapter analyzes the acceptance of the "grass leaf collection" in China. According to the acceptance theory of Yao's, this paper focuses on the different historical periods of the "grass leaf collection" in the development of Chinese New Poetry and the different influence on the new Chinese poets.
The conclusion part reviews and summarizes the full text, and emphasizes the importance of translation studies from the perspective of social history.

【学位授予单位】：四川大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：I045;I206.6

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