卢梭与托尔斯泰自然—文明思想比较研究

发布时间：2018-10-14 17:21

【摘要】： 卢梭的思想具有严密的整一性与系统性，自然与文明(世俗)之间的对立与冲突，几乎可以说是卢梭思想的全部。笔者认为，在卢梭这里，与文明相对立的自然主要包括三方面的内容，其一是指实体意义上的自然，即山川草木、鸟兽虫鱼所构成的自然界，卢梭对风景秀丽的大自然特别偏爱；其二是指历史意义上的自然，即假设在文明产生之前所存在过的一种自然状态，这是一种最理想最本真的状态；其三是指人的内部自然，即人的纯真、质朴的自然本性，，它以良心的呼声作为基本的价值取向。俄国的大思想家托尔斯泰与卢梭有许多相似之处，他对大自然同样充满着无限的热爱。同时，他也主张从文明向自然的回归，为了摆脱文明社会所带来的种种弊端，他主张返回自然、到自然中去寻找解救的良方。另外，托尔斯泰还倡言心优于脑，他认为，良心是我们最好的、最正确的指南，使人类有别于兽性而趋向于神性的，不是理性，而是人天生的情感良知。本文主要就从以上的三个方面对卢梭与托尔斯泰的自然—文明思想进行比较，通过比较，我们能够更准确地把握二者的思想精髓，透过表面的现象窥见更广阔背景下的时代精神和文化氛围。
[Abstract]:Rousseau's thought has strict wholeness and systematicness, and the antagonism and conflict between nature and civilization (secular) is almost the whole of Rousseau's thought. The author believes that here in Rousseau, the nature opposed to civilization mainly includes three aspects. One is the nature in the physical sense, that is, the nature composed of mountains, rivers, trees, birds, animals, insects and fish. Rousseau has a special preference for nature with beautiful scenery; the second is nature in the historical sense, that is, the assumption of a natural state that existed before the emergence of civilization, which is the most ideal and true state; and the third is the internal nature of man. That is, human innocence, simple natural nature, it is the voice of conscience as the basic value orientation. Russia's great thinker Tolstoy and Rousseau have many similarities, he is also full of infinite love of nature. At the same time, he also advocated the return from civilization to nature. In order to get rid of all kinds of malpractices brought about by civilized society, he advocated returning to nature and looking for a good remedy for salvation in nature. In addition, Tolstoy advocates that the mind is superior to the brain, and that conscience is our best and most correct guide, which distinguishes us from the beast and tends to the divinity, not the reason, but the innate emotional conscience. This paper compares Rousseau's and Tolstoy's natural-civilization thoughts from the above three aspects. Through comparison, we can grasp the essence of the two ideas more accurately. Through the superficial phenomenon, we can see the spirit of the times and the cultural atmosphere under the broader background.
【学位授予单位】：黑龙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：I0-03

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