《儒林外史》称呼语研究

发布时间：2018-09-05 09:36

【摘要】：人际称谓系统与人类关系密切,它是人类社会经年累月形成的规则和长期约定俗成的习惯相辅相成的产物,因此在一定的历史时期内具有极大的稳定性。①我们有可能也有必要对汉语称谓词语进行系统地研究,探求特定历史时期称谓词语的特性,及其中蕴含的民族心理和文化内涵。本文以清代小说《儒林外史》为研究对象,对语料中的自称和对称称呼语进行穷尽性地搜索,并按称呼语的内容分为人称代词称呼语、身份关系类称呼语、拟亲属称呼语、姓名称呼语等,通过对这些称呼语的分类说明,帮助我们了解明清时期称呼语的使用状况及特点,进一步分析称呼语的语用特点和文化内涵,展现了称呼语的时代特征,具有词汇学、语用学、文化学方面的意义。对称呼语进行分类整理之后会发现,《儒林外史》中人称代词的使用集中为“我、你”两词,分别出现2385例和1962例,具体语境中人称代词的选择与双方的身份地位密切相关；身份关系类称呼语则体现为重等级、官本位的特点,下对上以官称为主,自称时则使用表示自谦自卑的各种词语,等级尊卑的差别贯穿始终；拟亲属称呼语多用“弟”自称,用“兄”对称；姓名称呼语用例较少。从以上的分析可以看出,中国传统文化中的“礼”“敬”在称呼语中有明显的痕迹。虽然士子热衷于科举这条道路,但却因科举制度的腐朽和落后,无法培养出真正的人才,儒林中充斥着大批不学无术、游手好闲之徒,科举制度已经岌岌可危了。当时女性地位低下,处处受到压制,没有权利和自由。
[Abstract]:The interpersonal appellation system is closely related to human beings. It is the product of the rules formed over the years and the habits established by human society. Therefore, there is great stability in a certain historical period. It is possible and necessary for us to study Chinese appellation words systematically, to explore the characteristics of appellation words in a specific historical period, and the national psychology and cultural connotations contained therein. Based on the novels of Qing Dynasty, "the History of Confucianism", this paper makes an exhaustive search of the self-proclaimed and symmetric address terms in the corpus, and divides them into personal pronoun address, identity relation type address and pseudo kinship address according to the content of the address. Through the classification and explanation of these address forms, this paper helps us to understand the usage and characteristics of address terms during the Ming and Qing dynasties, to further analyze the pragmatic characteristics and cultural connotations of address terms, and to show the epoch characteristics of address terms. It has the meaning of lexicology, pragmatics and culturology. After sorting out the address forms, we can find that the usage of personal pronouns in the History of Confucianism is concentrated on "I, you", 2385 cases and 1962 cases, respectively. The choice of pronouns in specific context is closely related to the status of both parties. The identity relation type forms of address are embodied in the emphasis on rank, the characteristic of official standard, the lower part is the official name mainly, and when claiming oneself, all kinds of words are used to express self-abasement and inferiority, the difference of rank and inferiority runs through all the time, and the pseudo kinship address often uses "younger brother" to call himself "brother". The use of "brother" symmetry; name address pragmatic examples are less. From the above analysis, we can see that "Li" and "Jing" in Chinese traditional culture have obvious trace in address. Although the scholars are keen on the road of imperial examination, they are unable to cultivate real talents because of the decay and backwardness of the imperial examination system. The Confucian forest is full of a large number of uneducated and idle people, and the imperial examination system is already in jeopardy. At that time, the status of women was low, everywhere was suppressed, no rights and freedoms.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H134

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