介词“对”和“向”的意义及用法考察

发布时间：2018-09-13 16:46

【摘要】：汉语是一种缺乏严格意义上的形态变化的语言，汉语中的词语往往存在多词性和一词多义的现象，这也造成了很多词在语义和用法上的重合。介词在现代汉语中使用频率高，且用法最为复杂，尤其在对外汉语领域，更是教学中的重点和难点。介词“对”和“向”都有“介引对象”的语义功能，在有些情况下可以互相替换，有些情况下却不能，而目前的工具书和教材中对于这种情况却没有明确的说明，造成留学生在学习这两个介词时常常发生错用，对教学也造成了一定的困难。本文在前人研究的基础之上，分别从语法化、语义特征和句法结构方面对介词“对”和“向”进行了分析描写，研究中发现，当介词“对”和“向”都存在于“S+对/向+NP+VP”式结构中时，它们两个有互换的可能。但这种可能仅限于表达人与人之间单向非物质类信息传递的情况。除此之外，介词“对”和“向”都具有各自独有的意义和用法，通过对这两个介词本身的属性和句子结构中NP和VP成分的归类分析，最终确定了从物质和非物质类信息传递的方向性和空间位移性的角度对二者进行明确区分的划分标准，共总结出了六种需要加以辨析的情况，以及在这六中情况下如何对这两个介词进行选择。最后，基于对外汉语教学的目的，本文考察了留学生对汉语介词“对”和“向”的使用情况和偏误情况，得出介词“对”的使用率高于介词“向”，，而介词“向”的偏误率高于介词“对”的结论，并对这种现象的原因加以分析，在此基础之上提出了一些教学建议。在语料的选择上，本文主要采用了北京语言大学HSK动态作文语料库中的留学生错句实例，对介词“对”和“向”发生错用的实例进行统计和举例分析，对本文的论点加以证明，也为对外汉语教学提供了一个有针对性的侧重方向。
[Abstract]:Chinese is a language that lacks formal changes in a strict sense. Chinese words often have multiple parts of speech and one word with polysemous meaning, which also results in the coincidence of many words in semantics and usage. Prepositions are frequently used in modern Chinese, and their usage is the most complicated, especially in the field of Chinese as a foreign language. The prepositions "pair" and "Xiang" both have semantic functions of "introducing objects", which can be replaced in some cases, but not in some cases, and are not explicitly stated in current reference books and textbooks. Foreign students often misuse these two prepositions, which makes it difficult for them to teach. On the basis of previous studies, this paper analyzes and describes prepositions "Shi" and "Xiang" from the aspects of grammaticalization, semantic features and syntactic structure. When the prepositions "pair" and "direction" both exist in the "S pair / directional NP VP" structure, they are interchangeable. However, this may be limited to the expression of one-way immaterial information transmission between people. In addition, the prepositions "du" and "Xiang" have their own unique meanings and usages. Through the classification and analysis of the attributes of the two prepositions themselves and the sentence structure of the NP and VP elements, Finally, from the angle of directionality and spatial displacement of material and non-material information transmission, the paper determines the dividing standard of them, and sums up six kinds of situations that need to be differentiated and analyzed. And how to choose the two prepositions in the six cases. Finally, for the purpose of teaching Chinese as a foreign language, this paper examines the usage and bias of the Chinese prepositions "right" and "direction", and concludes that the usage rate of preposition "right" is higher than that of preposition "Xiang". The error rate of preposition "Xiang" is higher than that of preposition "du", and the causes of this phenomenon are analyzed. On the basis of this, some teaching suggestions are put forward. In the selection of corpus, this paper mainly adopts the example of foreign students' wrong sentence in the HSK dynamic composition corpus of Beijing language and language University, and makes statistical analysis and example analysis of the misusing of preposition "right" and "Xiang", and proves the argument of this paper. It also provides a targeted direction for teaching Chinese as a foreign language.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146.2

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