被动句的跨语言观察及汉语的被字句

发布时间：2018-10-10 16:51

【摘要】：被动句式是一种跨语言的现象（Siewierska1986）。在不同的语言中，被动句式呈现出句式上的丰富性。与相对应的主动句式比较，被动句式具有结构形式上的差别，如题元角色在句法安排上的不同、谓语中助动词的有无和主动词的形态变化等。通过在跨语言背景下观察不同的被动句式的特点，并进行比较，，可以发现被动句式中唯一具有普遍性的特征是论元下降和动词标记。其它特征，如附加的助动词等，都不具有普遍性。而这一点对汉语被动句的认识及对“被”字句的分类有着重要的借鉴意义。本文认为汉语“被”字句中的“被”字具有两种不同的词性。在带有施事的长被动句中，“被”字是介词性的。从结构上来看，该介词词组是由原先主动句的外部论元成分通过句法操作下降为附加性的非论元成分；而在动词的施事成分不出现的短被动句中，“被”字是副词性的。作者认为，汉语中的短被动句其实是话题句式的一种。由于汉语是话题优先型语言（徐烈炯和刘丹青1998），而被动句式和话题句式又存在结构上的相似性。因此就存在了重新分析的可能，这一机制促使了副词性的“被”字的产生。
[Abstract]:Passive sentence is a cross-lingual phenomenon (Siewierska1986). In different languages, passive sentence patterns present the richness of sentence patterns. Compared with the corresponding active sentence patterns, the passive sentence patterns have structural differences, such as the differences in the syntactic arrangement of the role of the topic element, the existence of the auxiliary verb in the predicate and the morphological change of the active word, etc. By observing the characteristics of different passive sentence patterns in a cross-linguistic context and comparing them, it can be found that the only universal features of passive sentence patterns are argument descent and verb markers. Other features, such as additional auxiliary verbs, are not universal. The understanding of Chinese passive sentences and the classification of "Bei" sentences are of great significance. This paper holds that there are two different parts of speech in the Chinese word "Bei". In long passive sentences with agents, the word "be" is prepositional. From a structural point of view, the preposition phrase is reduced from the external argument component of the original active sentence to an additional non-argument component through syntactic manipulation, while in the short passive sentence where the agent component of the verb does not appear, the word "be" is adverbial. The author thinks that the short passive sentence in Chinese is actually a kind of topic sentence. Since Chinese is a topic-first language (Xu Lijiong and Liu Danqing 1998), there are structural similarities between passive sentence patterns and topic sentence patterns. Therefore, there is the possibility of reanalysis, which promotes the formation of adverb "be".
【学位授予单位】：上海外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：H146

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