阿部知二《北京》的再次解读

发布时间：2018-08-30 10:43

【摘要】：从甲午战争到抗日战争,再到战后的今天,中曰关系在百年来几经波折之后,又呈现出日益严峻的势态。继而,对于中日关系发展的关注引起了笔者追溯抗日战争的开端一一“卢沟桥事变”的兴趣。1937年见证了事变的北京城,作为一种文学叙述,己在诸如林语堂的《京华烟云》、老舍的《四世同堂》等蜚声海内外的中国作家的名作中得到了生动而淋漓尽致地再现。然而,若想全方位地认知事变前后的北京,考察并解读以外部视点观察北京的作品就显得尤为重要。为此,作为一名日本文学研究者,笔者将关注的焦点投向了日本作家创作的、叙述事变前后的北京的作品。而在为数众多的北京叙述中,笔者选择了日本昭和名作一一阿部知二的《北京》作为研究对象。小说取材于作者1935年为期两周的“北京之旅”,在1937年1月首先作为以《燕京》为题的中篇小说在杂志上发表后,经过作者的扩充与改写,又在事变爆发后的1938年4月改为以《北京》为题的长篇单行本小说出版。作者将小说的背景设定为1935年的北京,可以说是构建于其“北京体验”的记忆与想象之.卜的一部作品。在这部以抗战即将爆发时的中国都市为题材的日本文学作品之巾,潜藏着作者对于时局、中国文化与日本文化乃至中日关系怎样的认识与思考?从“东方主义”的视角出发,作为伴随着日本军国主义的崛起而成长的自由主义知识分子,阿部知二的这种认识与思考又存在着怎样的局限性与危险性?对于这些问题,本论将小说文本和l作者同时期发表的相关随笔、评论以及同时代作品等相结合,在文本对比芙联和文本分析的基础上进行了探讨。序论部分笔者在介绍了本论的研究动机以及《北京》的创作背景之后,埘予《北京》的研究现状进行了简要阐述,总结出先行研究存在的一些问题一一对小说的“时局性”缺乏深入分析,关于人物形象的讨论不够全面、趋于模式化且忽视了现实意义,而对于作品中流露出的“东方主义”的批判亦不够具体。第一章笔者首先从人物设定入手,对小说中的三个日本人一一东京某大学教师“大门勇”、青年“加茂”以及某通信社头目“沼”进行了分析。与实现了从徘徊者到行动者转变的中国知识分子王子明相对,主人公大门由始至终保持着旁观者的姿态。作为作者的分身,大门的这种旁观性可以说与作者是相通的。而他对于下层民众的视线也带有浓厚的东方主义色彩。大门曾经的学生加茂,看似是“为东洋大地甘洒热血”的日本青年,实则成为了不断实行侵略扩张的日本帝国主义的帮凶。而加茂的上司沼,在与他有着相同的殖民者优越感的同时,也是尚武尊强的民族主义者。与第·章相对,笔者在第二章围绕小说中登场的中国人一一北京某人学教师“王子明”、王家的家庭教师“杨素清”和妓女“鸿妹”以及清朝遗老“叶先生”进行了讨论。一直在“亲日”与“抗日”间徘徊挣扎的王子明,在与意欲发国难财的买办商人父亲王世金划清界限的同时,逐渐走上了“抗日”之路并与信仰共产主义的少女结婚。通过这一出身于资产阶级家庭却从尼采哲学与中国的反抗传统中获得革命意识与觉悟的中国知识分子形象,作者对中国知识阶级的动向和中国革命的发展的关心与洞察可见一斑,他欲唤起日本人对中国人的无穷力量所应有的畏惧之意亦不容忽视。另一方面,作者着力刻画的两个中国女性——杨素清和鸿妹在具备“直面时代勇敢生存”的精神的同时,也存在着作为女性革命者或拥有特务身份的“女英雄”而被重新解读的可能性。最后,作者通过在《北京》中加入渴望清朝复辟的叶先生这一形象,展示了故都逐年荒废的现实以及他对当时中国存在的政治力学和利害关系的认识。第三章笔者通过对“元代历史”的言说和充满幻想性的“万寿山的一天”进行检证,挖掘出具有象征性的北京表象及中日关系的表象。“骤雨”等意象象征着充斥着纷争与冲突的中日关系,仿佛预告了一触即发的全面战争。“黑衣老妇的半身”象征着在明清以来的历史巨变中渐渐荒废的北京城；与此相对,“婀娜少女的半身”则象征了北京表象的二重性——所谓“令人感到美丽不可方物”是指在“动荡的氛围”中而愈发风姿绰约的停留在作者记忆中的北京,而“又令人感到平凡如丑陋村姑”则是指因“动荡的氛围”而走向衰败的存在于作者想象中的北京。以上两个中国女性的幻象对于大门的排斥,印证了个人的好意在民族冲突面前的无力性。然而在这些意象背后,暗含着作者潜意识中身为异国人的优越感以及与中国人理应感到的愤慨和屈辱所互不相容的表达。第四章笔者分别以关于“同化力”和“时间对空间”的两段讨论为线索,挖掘出作者所认为的拥有“世界无比的同化力”和“坚韧力”的中国,以及他对于不断入侵中国的帝国日本未来的隐忧,揭示被相对化的、静止的中国与进步的日本。《北京》中关于中国的“静止性”的言说恰好与同时期出版的战地文学——石川达三《活着的士兵》中的部分内容相一致。然而,在那一时期这样的“类型化”认识恰恰存在着正当化侵略战争的危险性。以卢沟桥事变为背景,小说《北京》展示出身为自由主义知识分子的阿部知二在风云变幻之际对于时局走向、中国和中国人的潜在力量以及中日关系的独到见解,表现了他对日本人的警示和日本未来的担忧。与此同时,小说中多处流露出东方主义色彩,并且存在着正当化侵略战争的危险性。阿部知二于其后的太平洋战争中成为陆军宣传班的一员奔赴印尼爪哇岛为日本摇旗呐喊,可以说恰好印证了他思想上的局限性。
[Abstract]:From the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 to the War of Resistance Against Japan, and then to the present day after the war, Sino-Japanese relations in the past hundred years after several twists and turns, but also presents an increasingly serious situation. The study of narrative has been vividly and vividly reproduced in the famous works of Chinese writers at home and abroad, such as Lin Yutang's The Smoke of Beijing and Lao She's The Fourth Generation in the Hall. However, it is particularly important to investigate and interpret the works of Beijing from an external perspective if we want to fully understand the Beijing before and after the incident. Among the numerous Beijing narratives, the author chooses "Beijing" by the famous Japanese writer Ichiro Abe as the research object. The novel is based on the author's two-week "trip to Beijing" in 1935. After the novella first published in the magazine in January 1937 with the theme of "Yanjing", it was expanded and rewritten by the author, and then published in April 1938 with the theme of "Beijing". The author set the background of the novel as Beijing in 1935, which can be said to be a record of his "Beijing Experience". In this Japanese literary work with the theme of Chinese cities at the time of the outbreak of the War of Resistance Against Japan, how does the author understand and think about the current situation, Chinese culture, Japanese culture and even Sino-Japanese relations? Starting from the perspective of Orientalism, as a result of the rise of Japanese militarism What are the limitations and dangers of Abe's understanding and thinking of the growing liberal intellectuals? To these problems, this paper combines the text of the novel with the relevant essays, comments and contemporary works published by the author at the same time, and explores the basis of the text on the basis of the analysis of the text of Biafluen and text. After introducing the motivation of the study and the background of the creation of Beijing, the author briefly expounds the present situation of the study of Shengyu's Beijing, sums up some problems existing in the previous study, one by one, lacks in-depth analysis of the "current situation" of the novel, and the discussion about the characters is not comprehensive enough, tends to be stereotyped and abrupt. In the first chapter, the author begins with the characterization of the three Japanese in the novel, namely, a university teacher in Tokyo, "Damon Yong", "Kamao" and the leader of a telecommunications agency "Marsh". In contrast to the Chinese intellectuals Prince Ming, the protagonist's gate keeps an onlooker attitude from beginning to end. As the author's separation, the bystander of the gate can be said to be connected with the author. And his vision of the lower class also has a strong Orientalism color. In fact, the Japanese youths who are willing to shed their blood for the land of the East have become accomplices of the Japanese imperialists who are constantly carrying out aggression and expansion. While Kamao's boss has the same sense of superiority as his colonists, he is also a nationalist who advocates military superiority. Contrary to Chapter 2, the author is the first Chinese to appear in the novel. Wang's governess, Yang Suqing, discussed with prostitute Hongmei and the Qing Dynasty elder Ye. Prince Ming, who had been struggling between "pro-Japanese" and "anti-Japanese", drew a line with Wang Shijin, the father of a comprador businessman who wanted to make a fortune in his own country. Through this image of Chinese intellectuals born in a bourgeois family but gaining revolutionary consciousness and consciousness from Nietzsche's philosophy and Chinese revolutionary tradition, the author's concern and insight into the trend of the Chinese intellectuals and the development of the Chinese revolution can be seen. He wishes to On the other hand, Yang Suqing and Hongmei, the two Chinese women who are depicted by the author, have the spirit of "living bravely in the face of the times", but also have the "heroines" who are regarded as female revolutionaries or have the status of special agents. Finally, by adding the image of Mr. Ye yearning for the restoration of the Qing Dynasty to Beijing, the author shows the fact that the capital was abandoned year by year and his understanding of the political mechanics and interests of China at that time. "One day" to verify, excavate the symbolic image of Beijing and the image of Sino-Japanese relations. "Sudden rain" and other images symbolize the disputed and conflicting Sino-Japanese relations, as if to herald a full-blown war. On the contrary, the half-length of a graceful girl symbolizes the duality of Beijing's image --- the so-called "beautiful things" refers to Beijing, which is more graceful and graceful in the "turbulent atmosphere", and the "ugly village aunt" refers to the trend due to the "turbulent atmosphere" The rejection of these two Chinese women's visions of the gates confirms the powerlessness of personal goodwill in the face of ethnic conflict. Yet behind these images lies the author's subconscious sense of superiority as an alien and the indignation and humiliation that the Chinese should feel. In the fourth chapter, the author takes the discussion of "assimilative power" and "time versus space" as clues to excavate what the author thinks is China with "incomparable assimilative power of the world" and "tenacity" as well as his hidden worries about the future of the invading Japanese empire, revealing a relatively static China. With progressive Japan. about China's "static" is exactly the same as part of the war literature published at the same time, Ishikawa Dasan's "living soldier". However, in that period such a "typological" understanding precisely exists the danger of legitimizing the war of aggression. Take the Lugouqiao Incident as the background. Abe Chi-er, a liberal intellectual, shows his warning to the Japanese and his worries about the future of Japan in the changing times, the potential power of China and the Chinese people, and his unique views on the relationship between China and Japan. In justifying the dangers of aggression, Abe became a member of the Army's propaganda team in the subsequent Pacific War and went to Java, Indonesia, to wave the flag and shout for Japan, which can be said to confirm his ideological limitations.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：I313.074
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本文编号：2212832

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