《人民日报》诺贝尔自然科学奖报道研究

发布时间：2018-08-23 21:36

【摘要】：大众传媒作为传递信息的主要途径和手段,也应是科技新闻报道的核心力量。在科技发展史上,诺贝尔自然科学奖历来占据着重要的地位,它涵盖了物理学、化学、生理学或医学领域的最高成果,其公布和颁发是全世界科学界的盛事,聚焦了各大媒体的目光。媒体报道重大科学事件,不仅传播科学消息,对公众科学素养也会产生潜移默化的影响,有利于国民科学素质的提升。本文以《人民日报》301篇诺贝尔自然科学奖相关报道为研究对象,运用内容分析、文本分析的研究方法,结合台湾学者臧国仁的框架高、中、低三层次结构理论,从宏观新闻报道议题、中观报道内容建构、微观新闻文本结构三个层面探讨诺贝尔自然科学奖报道框架,并将《人民日报》自创刊起至2016年68年间的报道划分为四个时期,从历时性角度考察诺贝尔自然科学奖报道的流变情况。在宏观层面框架分析上,从版面位置、报道数量、报道体裁、消息来源、报道主题、报道基调6个方面分析了《人民日报》诺贝尔自然科学奖新闻报道议题:多分布在国际版和科技版面;在报道总量中所占比例低,每年度各有变化;报道体裁多为消息;记者采写稿件为主要消息来源;报道主题以事件报道篇数最多;大部分为正面报道。在中观层面报道内容建构上,从主要事件、先前事件、历史、结果、影响、归因、评估7个方面进行了分析:“主要事件”所占比重最高,同时也注重对诺贝尔自然科学奖“历史”与“评估”的报道。在微观层面新闻文本结构上,从诺贝尔自然科学家报道样本的标题关键词和图片使用情况两个方面分析得出:科学术语出现频次最低;图片总体使用较少,以摄影图片为主。《人民日报》诺贝尔自然科学奖报道在各时期呈现出了不同的特色。1948年《人民日报》创刊至1977年改革开放前,此时期诺贝尔自然科学奖报道数量少,体裁、来源上呈现单一性,整体关注度不高;1978年至2000年诺贝尔奖百年之际,此时期更注重“诺奖”知识的普及,在报道上特别观华裔得主;2001年至2014年屠呦呦获奖前,此时期国人的“诺奖情结”持续发展,在报道上进一步凸显英雄叙事倾向,报道基调渐趋理性;2015年,屠呦呦获得诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,《人民日报》不仅报道了其获奖消息,还用大量的篇幅关注了中医药这一话题,使其成为了除屠呦呦获奖外,与时代相结合的重要议题。2016年,在终于结束“我们离诺贝尔自然科学奖还有多远”的话题后,《人民日报》诺贝尔自然科学奖报道发生了新变化。从框架分析和历时分析中我们可以看到,《人民日报》诺贝尔自然科学奖报道经历了从无到有,报道数量、体裁不断丰富的过程。同时也可以看到,《人民日报》诺贝尔自然科学奖报道存在深度报道较少、“明星化”、“竞技化”等方面的不足。对此,本文提出了优化策略:强化议程设置的作用;尽量为更多的阶层发声,以平衡公众话语权;增进媒体与科学家的交流;除注重科技知识普及外,还应该注重宣扬科学精神、传播科学理性,以提升公众的科学素养。
[Abstract]:Mass media, as the main means of transmitting information, should also be the core force of science and technology news reports. In the history of science and technology development, the Nobel Prize for Natural Science has always occupied an important position. It covers the highest achievements in the fields of physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine. Its publication and award is a grand event in the world's scientific community and focuses on it. Media coverage of major scientific events not only disseminates scientific news, but also exerts a subtle influence on the scientific literacy of the public, which is conducive to the promotion of national scientific quality. France, combined with Zang Guoren's three-tier structure theory, explores the reporting framework of the Nobel Prize for Natural Science from three perspectives: macro-news topics, meso-news content construction and micro-news text structure, and divides the reporting of the People's Daily from its inception to the year of 168 in 2016 into four periods, which are diachronic. In the macro-level framework analysis, from the layout, the number of reports, the type of reports, the source of information, the theme of the reports, the keynote of the six aspects of analysis of the Nobel Natural Science Prize news coverage topics: more distributed in the international and scientific pages; in the total amount of reports; In the middle level, the content of the report is constructed from seven aspects: main events, previous events, history, results, influence, attribution and evaluation. "Major Events" account for the highest proportion, but also focus on the Nobel Prize for Natural Science "history" and "evaluation" of the report. The report of the Nobel Prize for Natural Sciences in the People's Daily in 1948 was published before the reform and opening up in 1977. During this period, the number of reports on the Nobel Prize for Natural Sciences was small, the genre was single, the source was single, and the overall attention was not high. During the 100-year period of the Nobel Prize, more attention was paid to the popularization of the knowledge of the Nobel Prize, especially to the Chinese-American winners. Before Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize from 2001 to 2014, the "Nobel Prize complex" of the Chinese people continued to develop, and the narrative tendencies of heroes were further highlighted and the tone of the report became more rational. In 2015, Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in physiology or Physiology. The medical prize, People's Daily, not only reported its winning news, but also devoted a lot of space to the topic of traditional Chinese medicine, making it an important issue that combines with the times besides Tu Youyou's winning the prize. In 2016, after finally ending the topic of "How far are we from the Nobel Prize for Natural Science," the People's Daily "Nobel Natural Science New changes have taken place in the coverage of the Nobel Prize for Natural Science in the People's Daily. From the framework and diachronic analysis, we can see that the coverage of the Nobel Prize for Natural Science in the People's Daily has undergone a process from scratch, the number of reports and the richness of genres. In view of this, this paper puts forward some optimization strategies: strengthening the role of agenda-setting; making more voices for more strata to balance the right of public discourse; enhancing the communication between media and scientists; paying attention to the popularization of scientific and technological knowledge, but also publicizing the scientific spirit and disseminating scientific rationality in order to enhance the scientific quality of the public. Raise.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：G212

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