T.S.艾略特诗歌与美国神话

发布时间：2018-01-04 20:27

本文关键词：T.S.艾略特诗歌与美国神话　出处：《西南大学》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：现代主义诗人T.S.艾略特虽出生于美国,但由于他青年时期即定居英国,后又加入英国国籍和英国国教,因此常被视为是一位英国诗人或欧洲诗人。不过,在近年来的艾略特批评中,艾略特与美国的关系问题日益成为研究热点。论文借鉴美国学者萨克凡·伯科维奇(Sacvan Bercovitch)和亨利·纳什·史密斯(Henry Nash Smith)关于美国神话的论述,分析艾略特诗歌对美国神话的反思、解构和改写,以探究艾略特的美国性。论文所论及的美国神话在不同的历史时期有着不同的表现形态。在清教新英格兰时期,美国神话体现为清教徒的荒野神话。在西进运动中,美国神话体现为帝国神话和花园神话。同时,美国社会中还存在着一种进步神话。尽管美国神话有着不同的表现形态,但不变的是其中蕴含的关于使命、进步和机遇的修辞。伯科维奇指出,清教留给美国文化的遗产不是神学、逻辑或社会制度,而是在想象领域。通过细读一系列清教文学文本,他论述了预表法(typology)这一清教修辞方法与美国神话的关系。“修辞”对伯科维奇而言并非仅指语言的修饰,而是一系列组成观念结构、思维范式和表达方式的美学技巧。清教修辞的核心观念是预表法。作为一种古老的圣经诠释方法,预表法认为《旧约》中所有的人物、地点、事件都预兆了《新约》中耶稣的生平。新英格兰清教徒发展了这一方法,声称《旧约》不仅预表了《新约》,还预表了新英格兰的历史。他们将《圣经》中的符号与美利坚的地理、民众和事件相联系,将前者视为后者的类型,后者视为前者的原型。这样,从摩西、约翰到新英格兰的清教先知,从迦南地中的以色列到美洲荒野中的新以色列,从犹太人出埃及到清教移民的“大迁徙”,所有人物、地点和事件都是可以相互置换的类比关系。预表法赋予新英格兰荒野和荒野中的清教移民神圣的象征意义,建构了一个清教荒野神话：清教徒是被上帝选中的民族,是实现神圣历史意图的工具,他们好比是在摩西带领下逃出埃及的犹太人,肩负着在美洲荒野建设一个新迦南或新耶路撒冷的神圣使命。18世纪以后,新英格兰的属性日益从清教转为扬基,随着美国领土从新英格兰往西部扩张,美国神话又有了新的表现形式。亨利·纳什·史密斯(Henry Nash Smith)在其富有影响力的著作《处女地》中曾论及西进运动中产生的“帝国神话”和“花园神话”。帝国神话的实质是认为美国有责任和义务向太平洋沿岸扩张,直至通往印度。帝国神话中隐含的扩张修辞同清教徒荒野使命隐含的扩张修辞一脉相承。花园神话则将原本干涸的西部荒漠想象成“世界花园”,认为雨水会随着人的耕作而自然增加。花园神话源于清教徒将荒野改造为花园的梦想和期待。此外,美国社会中还存在着一以贯之的进步神话。美国语境中的“进步”最初指清教新千年主义所蕴含的精神和宗教层面的进步,18世纪以后“进步”的含义日益世俗化,但不变的是对历史进程的乐观主义倾向。论文主体部分三章分别论述了艾略特早、中、晚期诗歌对美国神话的反思、解构和改写。第一章论述了《情歌》等早期诗歌对美国神话的反思。在其诗歌生涯早期,面对美国的道德麻痹和精神荒芜现象,艾略特对美国神话产生了质疑。他在一系列早期诗歌中以20世纪初的新英格兰城市波士顿为背景,谴责了昔日“山巅之城”的堕落和清教后裔的道德荒芜,体现出清教哀诉布道传统的影响。但是同清教哀诉布道牧师的乐观主义心态不同的是,艾略特对“荒野使命”感到悲观。通过对先知约翰这一荒野使命代言人的反讽式再现,艾略特透露出了对清教荒野神话的反思和质疑。第二章论述了《荒原》对美国神话的解构。定居伦敦以后,受非个性化诗学主张影响,艾略特借助一定的客观对立物再现美国神话。他解构了帝国神话、花园神话、以及美国进步神话。首先,《荒原》展现了因帝国扩张所带来的世界大战的残酷,通过“崩塌的塔”、“爆炸的山巅之城”、“遇难的船”等意象,诗歌解构了根植于清教意识形态的美国的帝国神话。其次,《荒原》展现了美国从伊甸园式的花园堕落为荒原的过程,解构了美国的花园神话,再次,在《荒原》中,艾略特建构了一种循环历史观,作为美国进步神话的替代物。第三章论述了《四个四重奏》等晚期诗歌对美国神话的改写。1927年艾略特皈依英国国教,宗教皈依后的艾略特从基督教道成肉身教义出发,改写了美国神话。这种改写主要体现在利用“道”救赎时间、自我和语言以赎回伊甸园的构想。宗教皈依后,艾略特诗歌中出现了越来越多的美国意象。“美国”上升为一个精神隐喻,象征着精神新生的新世界,成为诗人情感的寄托和心灵的栖息之地。晚期诗歌中的美国意象表明了在经过毕生的探索之后,艾略特终于回归了美国本土传统。
[Abstract]:Modernist poet T.S. Eliot was born in the United States, but because of his youth that settled in England, and later joined the British nationality and the Church of England, it is often regarded as a British poet or European poets. However, in recent years the criticism of Eliot, the relationship between Eliot and the United States has become a research hotspot. The papers from the American scholar Sakfan Berkovic (Sacvan Bercovitch) and Henry Nash Smith (Henry Nash Smith) on the myth of the discussion, analysis of Eliot's poems reflect on the American myth, deconstruction and rewriting, to explore Eliot's America. The article of the American myth has different forms in different historical periods in Puritan New England. During the period, the American myth reflects the Puritan wilderness myth. In the westward movement, the American myth reflects the Empire myth and the myth garden. At the same time, There is a kind of progress in American society. Although the United States has a myth myth in various forms, but the same is contained on the mission, progress and opportunities of rhetoric. Bo Covic pointed out that the American cultural heritage is not left to the Puritan theology, logic or social system, but in the field of imagination. By reading a series of Puritanism the literary text, he discusses the typological method (Typology) the relationship between this method and the myth of the American Puritan rhetoric. "Rhetoric" of Bo Covic not only refers to the language modification, but consists of a series of concept structure, aesthetic skills of thinking paradigm and ways of expression. The core idea is the Puritan rhetoric as a typological method. The ancient biblical interpretation method, typology that < all the characters in the Old Testament, "where events are a harbinger of < > in the New Testament of Jesus's life. The new England Puritan developed the method, sound Said the old testament not only a type of < < > > is a new type of the New Testament, the history of England. They will sign with the United Bible < > in the geography, people and events linked to the former as the latter type, which is regarded as the prototype. So, from Mose, John to new England Puritan the prophet, from the land of Canaan, Israel in the wilderness to America in the new Israel, the Jews from Egypt to the Puritan immigrants "migration", all the characters, places and events are analogy can be replaced. The relationship between the new England wilderness and wild type by the Puritan immigrants sacred symbolism, construct a a Puritan wilderness Myth: the Puritans were chosen by God is holy nation, historical purpose tools, they are like Mose in the lead of the Jews from Egypt, shouldering the wilderness in the construction of a New Canaan or the new Jerusalem The city's sacred mission.18 century, new England property into increasingly from the Puritan Yankee, along with the expansion of United States territory from new England to the west, the American myth has shown new forms. Henry Nash Smith (Henry Nash Smith) as mentioned in the < > of virgin land in the Westward Movement "myth of Empire" and "the garden myth" in its influential. The essence of imperial myth is that the United States has the responsibility and obligation to the Pacific coast to India. Until the expansion, expansion of Empire in the myth of the same rhetoric implied Puritan wilderness implicit rhetoric mission expansion strain. Myth to imagine the original garden dry western desert into "world garden". Think the rain will with farming and natural increase. The myth originated from the garden into the garden to Puritan wilderness dreams and expectations. In addition, still in the American society. In the myth of progress. The United States One principle runs through it all. in the context of "progress" means the first Puritan New Millennium doctrine contains spiritual and religious aspects of progress, in eighteenth Century after the "progress" the meaning of secularization, but the same is the optimistic trend of the course of history. The main part of the three chapter discusses Eliot early, late poems reflect on the American myth, deconstruction and rewriting. The first chapter discusses the song < > and other early poems reflect on the American myth. Early in his poetic career, in the face of the American moral paralysis and barren spirit phenomenon, Eliot questioned the American myth. He in a series of early poems to at the beginning of the twentieth Century new England city of Boston as the background, condemned the former "mountain city" moral depravity and Puritan descendants of barren, reflect the influence of the Puritan jeremiad tradition. But with the Puritan mourning V. the preacher optimism is different, Eliot mission "of the" wilderness pessimistic. By the irony of the prophet John in the wilderness mission spokesman Eliot revealed the reproduction, reflection and questioning of the Puritan wilderness myth. The second chapter discusses the < > of the deconstruction of the myth of the wilderness. Later settled in London. Non personalized poetics of Eliot, with the objective of opposites must reproduce the American myth. He deconstructs the myth of Empire, garden myth, and the myth of progress. First of all, "caused by the wilderness > show Empire World War cruelty," by the collapse of the tower "," explosion mountain city "," wreck "images, poetry deconstructed the Puritan ideology rooted in the American myth of Empire. Secondly, < > to show the American wilderness from the garden of Eden Garden degenerated into a wasteland of solution The American garden myth, again, in the "wilderness", Eliot constructed a circular view of history, as a substitute for the myth of American progress. The third chapter discusses the "Four Quartets > late poetry of the American myth rewriting.1927 Eliot to the Church of England, Eliot converted from religion the Christian doctrine of the incarnation, rewrite the American myth. This adaptation is mainly reflected in the use of" Tao "redemption time, self conception and language in order to redeem the garden of Eden. After a religious conversion, there are more and more American image in Eliot's poems." American "rise as a spiritual metaphor, a symbol of the spirit of the new world the newborn, a poet emotional sustenance and spiritual habitat. Late poems in the United States showed in the image after a lifetime of exploration, Eliot finally return to the Native American traditions.

【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：I561.072

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