海德格尔存在主义哲学视角下的《马尔特手记》中死亡母题研究

发布时间：2018-10-17 07:56

【摘要】：本论文尝试从海德格尔存在主义哲学视角出发，分析奥地利诗人里尔克创作于20世纪初的长篇小说《马尔特·布里茨·布里格手记》（1902-1910）。《布里格手记》是诗人唯一的一部长篇小说，也被誉为是现代存在主义最重要的先驱作品之一。小说叙述了一个出生于没落贵族、性情孤僻敏感的丹麦青年诗人的回忆和自白。作品由七十一个没有连续情节、不讲时间顺序的笔记体断片构成，以第一人称口吻，分别讲述了巴黎生活的场景、对童年生活的回忆、阅读及观赏艺术品的经历和收获三大部分。有关死亡以及对死亡恐惧的意向是贯穿全文的主线。死亡概念是构成海德格尔基础本体论的一个关键概念。海德格尔所谓“向死而生”的具体结构，指的不是从生理、心理和经验上解释人的死亡结构，而是解释死的本体论意义，即分析死对领会生（此在的存在）的作用。存在主义哲学意义上的“存在”是成为自己。它是在剥除了一切日常生活的具体内容之后留存下来的人的内心的真实，是人不依赖于外界的中心，是人的存在的核心和基础。所谓“向死而生”正是把死看作是此在的最本己的、无涉的、不可超越和不确定的可能性。对死的领会使此在从沉沦和异化状态中醒悟过来，既不执着于过去已经实现了的可能性，又不懦弱地逃避死亡，而是积极地自我筹划、自我设计，以便获得最好的自我实现。本真的死是一种时间上不确定的可能性，因这种威胁而产生的情绪是畏。此在领会本己能在的过程也是畏的过程。向死而生只有在畏中才能充分地展现出来，而最大的畏就是直面死亡的畏，即畏死。此在只有在畏死的情绪中才能超脱沉沦的境况，领会到自己本真的存在。在海德格尔的理论中，，恐惧也有其积极意义，使人反思真正的自我存在的可能性。从死亡这一话题出发，本论文在文本层面上分析了主人公如何从变幻的世界中实现本真的存在。具体而言，对于置身于异国的马尔特来说，大都市中充斥着死亡,这也勾起了他对童年年已经失去的亲人状况的回忆。这些经历让马尔特产生了自己对于死亡的领会：死亡的无涉性、不可超越性；生与死的统一性；在现代社会，人们很难拥有“自己的死”。对死亡的领会并不能消除马尔特对死亡的恐惧。主人公的恐惧从童年时期就由来已久，看似是臆想中的、似乎确定的威胁，实则是对生存的恐惧。幼时，母亲可以帮助他摆脱恐惧。而如今，马尔特决定自己采取行动消除恐惧，他潜心从事文学创作与艺术观察，学会做爱的初学者，以积极的生活态度在有限的生命中寻求永恒性，努力做到向死而生，实现最本己的存在。
[Abstract]:From the perspective of Heidegger's existential philosophy, this thesis attempts to analyze the novel Mart Brits Brig by the Austrian poet Rilke in the early 20th century (1902-1910). It is also regarded as one of the most important pioneer works of modern existentialism. The novel recounts the memories and confessions of a young Danish poet born in a declining aristocrat and sensitive to eccentricity. The works are composed of 71 fragments of notes that have no continuous plot and do not speak in chronological order. In the tone of the first person, they describe the scenes of life in Paris and the memories of their childhood. Reading and viewing works of art experience and harvest three parts. The intention of death and fear of death is the main line throughout the paper. The concept of death is a key concept that constitutes Heidegger's basic ontology. Heidegger's specific structure of "living toward death" refers not to the physiological, psychological and empirical explanation of the structure of human death, but to the ontological significance of death, that is, the analysis of the role of death in understanding the existence of life. Existentialism in the philosophical sense of "existence" is to become themselves. It is the core and foundation of human being's existence, which is not dependent on the outside world. The so-called "to die and live" is the most original, independent, insurmountable and uncertain possibility of death as such. The understanding of death makes this disillusionment from the state of decline and alienation, neither clinging to the possibility that has been realized in the past, nor running away from death in a cowardly way, but actively planning and designing itself in order to achieve the best self-realization. True death is a possibility of uncertainty over time, and the emotions generated by this threat are daunting. This is a process of understanding what one can be. To die can only be fully manifested in the fear, and the greatest fear is to face the fear of death, that is, fear of death. This only in fear of death in the mood can transcend the situation, understand their true existence. In Heidegger's theory, fear also has its positive significance, making people reflect on the possibility of true self existence. Starting from the topic of death, this thesis analyzes how the protagonist realizes the real existence from the changing world. In particular, for Mart, who is in a foreign country, the metropolis is awash with death, reminiscent of his childhood loss of loved ones. These experiences gave Mart his own understanding of death: the impenetrability of death, the unity of life and death, and the difficulty of owning one's own death in modern society. Understanding death does not dispel Mart's fear of death. The protagonist's fear has existed for a long time since childhood. When he was young, his mother could help him out of fear. Now Mart has decided to take action to remove his fears. He is committed to literary creation and art observation, to beginners who learn to have sex, to seek permanence in a limited life with a positive attitude, and to strive to live towards death. To achieve the most self-centered existence.
【学位授予单位】：四川外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：I521.074

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