论马里旦的自然法思想

发布时间：2018-02-24 10:00

本文关键词： 自然法马里旦方法论禀赋人权　出处：《重庆大学》2012年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：本文是一篇介绍马里旦自然法思想的文章，主要在于讨论新托马斯主义的代表人物之一——雅克·马里旦的自然法思想。马里旦的自然法思想主要是源于托马斯·阿奎那，他们的共同之处在于预设上帝的存在，预设人类能够在一定程度上体验到上帝的爱，所以他们都把法律，或者说宇宙规则分为四类，即永恒法、自然法、万民法（在托马斯的四分法中有“神法”）、实在法，他们都把永恒不变的永恒法作为另外三类法律的最高指导和权威。虽然阿奎那的理论在中世纪具有深远的影响，但是随着科学的发展和自然法内部的自我异化，自然法的影响在西方世界逐渐式微，对上帝的信仰和对理性的崇敬开始减弱，自然法的基础受到了挑战。马里旦的自然法思想虽然来自于托马斯·阿奎那，但是又不完全同于托马斯·阿奎那的理论，他面临的不同的时代背景和时代思潮，要求他提出新的理论支柱，所以他对阿奎那的思想既有继承又有发展。首先，在认识方法上，马里旦提出禀赋知识，这种只有人才拥有的，与人性本能相连的知识是人类了解上帝，了解自然法的基础；在认识要素上，他提出本体论和认识论，以哲学概念来支持他的论述。他通过对理性自然法的批判，，将自然法回归到最原始的中世纪的体系中，将自然法乃至自然权利的最高权威赋予上帝，所以自然权利就有了实施的意义和理论支持。他进而提出人权，认为人权是人类基于人的本性所具有的权利，其直接来源是自然法，当然，最终来源就是上帝，所以人权的基础得到巩固，不再是缺乏逻辑推敲的理性而已。本文重点介绍了马里旦自然法的思想基础与渊源，并论述其内容，对其人权思想加以阐述。本文共分为六个部分：引言部分交代了文章的研究背景，意义以及研究方法。主体部分的第一章节介绍了阿奎那的法律思想以及马里旦对阿奎那思想的继承和发展。主体部分的第二章主要介绍了马里旦自然法思想的方法论，有了研究方法，才能对马里旦的自然法思想做进一步的了解。第三章是概括介绍自然法的一章，在了解了其方法以后，本文对马里旦的自然法做了简单的界定。第四章承接上文，由自然法衍生出自然权利、人权，论述马里旦自然法中的精华，即人权理论。结论部分是对马里旦自然法思想的总结，既有对马里旦自然法的认识，也有对其思想的反思。
[Abstract]:This article is an introduction to Maridan's natural law thought, which is mainly about the natural law thought of Jacques Maritan, one of the representatives of the New Thomas Doctrine, which is mainly derived from Thomas Aquinas. What they have in common is the presupposition of the existence of God, the presupposition that human beings can experience God's love to a certain extent, so they all divide the law, or the rules of the universe, into four categories: eternal law, natural law, The laws of all peoples (in Thomas' quaternion there are "divine laws", "positive laws"), they all have eternal laws as the supreme guidance and authority of the other three kinds of laws. Although Aquinas's theory had a profound influence in the Middle Ages, However, with the development of science and the internal self-alienation of natural law, the influence of natural law gradually declined in the western world, and the belief in God and respect for reason began to weaken. The foundation of natural law was challenged. Maritan's natural law thought, though derived from Thomas Aquinas, was not exactly the same as Thomas Aquinas' theory, which he faced with different backgrounds and trends of thought. He was asked to come up with a new theoretical pillar, so he inherited and developed Aquinas' ideas. First, in terms of cognitive methods, Maritan proposed that talent knowledge, which is owned only by human beings, Knowledge linked to human instinct is the basis of human understanding of God and of natural law; in terms of cognitive elements, he puts forward ontology and epistemology to support his argument with philosophical concepts. He criticizes rational natural law. Returning natural law to the most primitive system of the Middle Ages, giving God the supreme authority of natural law and even natural rights, so that natural rights have the meaning of implementation and theoretical support. Considering that human rights are the rights of human beings based on human nature and that their direct source is natural law and, of course, that the ultimate source is God, the foundation of human rights has been consolidated, This paper mainly introduces the ideological basis and origin of the natural law of Mali, and discusses its contents, and expounds its human rights thought. This paper is divided into six parts:. The introduction explains the research background, significance and research methods of the article. The first chapter of the main part introduces Aquinas legal thought and his inheritance and development. The second chapter of the main part mainly introduces the methodology of Malian Dan's natural law thought, only with the research method, can we make a further understanding of Malian Dan's natural law thought. The third chapter is a general introduction of natural law, after understanding its methods, this paper makes a simple definition of Maritan natural law. Chapter 4th follows the above, from the natural law derived from natural rights, human rights, the essence of the natural law of Mali, that is, the theory of human rights. The conclusion is a summary of the thought of Malian natural law, both the understanding of Malian natural law and the reflection of Malian natural law.
【学位授予单位】：重庆大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D909.1

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