美国治理国际贿赂立法和措施研究

发布时间：2018-03-09 22:09

本文选题：国际贿赂　切入点：美国　出处：《外交学院》2015年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：国际贿赂是指在国际商事活动中，一国之公司为了获得和保持商业利益而贿赂外国政府官员。国际贿赂是一个法律问题，也是经济问题、政治问题。针对国际贿赂问题，美国形成了以反贿赂法为核心的，包括法律措施为主的治理体系。国际商事活动中的贿赂问题已有数百年的历史，但是对其进行法律规制是从二十世纪七十年代才开始的。二十世纪七十年代美国政府在相关调查中发现:一些美国公司存在国际贿赂行为，贿赂丑闻的曝光给美国盟友政府的稳定带来冲击，败坏美国的形象。为了美国冷战战略的实施，美国国会制定了以将国际贿赂定罪为主旨的《1977年海外腐败行为法》。由此，美国成为世界上第一个通过专门立法来治理国际贿赂问题的国家。进入二十世纪八十年代，由于美国国际贸易赤字的大幅增长，美国对其国际贸易政策进行了调整---从强调自由贸易政策转向强调公平贸易政策。在这一过程中，美国政府从对外经济的角度审视和思考反贿赂法的修改，，支持公平贸易政策，使得反贿赂法的修正案成为1988年通过的《综合贸易和竞争法》的一部分。由于其他国家没有像美国那样立法禁止本国商事主体的国际贿赂行为，1988年的修法要求美国着力推动达成反贿赂国际协议的谈判。二十世纪九十年代，经济全球化的发展使得国际贿赂问题成为全球性问题，负面影响日益增加。各国逐渐改变了容忍贿赂的立场。美国为了继续主导国际经济规则，不失时机地推动达成了《经合组织关于打击国际商业交易中行贿外国公职人员行为的公约》等国际协议，并在1998年再次修改国内的反贿赂法以确认和实施经合组织公约。经合组织公约成为各国联合治理国际贿赂的开端，促使成员国制定国内法治理国际贿赂，对于区域性和全球性国际反贿赂协议的发展也有示范作用。美国最近一次修法完成后，就遇到了“石油换食品”计划中发生大量国际贿赂行为的情况，美国运用外交政策和反贿赂法对贿赂问题进行了治理，治理的内容和结果显示出美国反贿赂法的规定和实施机制还有缺陷，需要在今后的立法活动中完善。从国际贿赂问题与美国对外政策这一角度考察美国反贿赂法的发展演变的主导因素后，可得出以下启示：国际贿赂是国际商业活动中长期形成的习惯，二十世纪七十年代冷战期间，美国为了西方阵营的稳定，单边禁止了这一习惯。之后的八十年代，美国重新把贿赂作为贸易问题来看待，但坚持禁止的立场，并从公平贸易的角度提出把反贿赂法引入国际协议。以此为依据，当九十年代冷战终结、经济全球化使得国际贿赂成为全球性问题时，美国推动达成多个反贿赂国际协议，促使各国逐步加入到治理贿赂的网络中来。美国的反贿赂法还存在某些不足，在今后也会随着对外政策的调整而完善。
[Abstract]:International bribery refers to the bribery of foreign government officials by a company of a country in order to obtain and maintain commercial benefits in international commercial activities. International bribery is a legal, economic and political issue. The United States has formed a system of governance with anti-bribery law as the core, including legal measures. Bribery in international commercial activities has a history of hundreds of years, In 1970s, the US government found that some American companies were engaged in international bribery. The revelations of the bribery scandal have had an impact on the stability of the United States ally government and tarnished the image of the United States. For the implementation of the Cold War strategy, the United States Congress enacted the overseas Corruption Act of 1977, which aims at criminalizing international bribery. The United States became the first country in the world to adopt special legislation to deal with international bribery. In 1980s, the United States adjusted its international trade policy from an emphasis on free trade policy to an emphasis on fair trade policy because of the substantial increase in the international trade deficit of the United States. From the perspective of the foreign economy, the US government examines and ponders the revision of the anti-bribery law and supports fair trade policies. The amendment to the anti-bribery law became part of the comprehensive trade and competition law passed on 1988. Since other countries did not have the same legislation as the United states to prohibit international bribery of their commercial subjects, the 1988 amendment required the United states. China is pushing for negotiations on an international agreement against bribery. In 1990s, with the development of economic globalization, the problem of international bribery became a global problem with increasing negative effects. Countries gradually changed their stance of tolerating bribery. In order to continue to dominate international economic rules, Taking the opportunity to promote international agreements such as the OECD Convention on Combating bribery of Foreign Public officials in International Business transactions, In 1998, it amended the domestic anti-bribery law again to confirm and implement the OECD Convention. The OECD Convention became the beginning of joint governance of international bribery among countries, and urged member States to formulate domestic laws to govern international bribery. The development of international anti-bribery agreements at the regional and global levels also serves as a model. After the completion of the most recent amendment to the law, the United States encountered a large number of international bribery cases in the "oil-for-food" program. The United States used foreign policy and anti-bribery laws to deal with the bribery problem. The content and result of governance show that the regulation and enforcement mechanism of American anti-bribery law still have defects, which need to be perfected in the future legislative activities. From the point of view of international bribery and American foreign policy, after examining the leading factors of the development and evolution of American anti-bribery law, the following revelations can be drawn: international bribery is a habit formed in international commercial activities for a long time. In 1970s, during the Cold War, the United States unilaterally banned this habit for the sake of stability in the Western camp. Then, in 80s, the United States reregarded bribery as a trade issue, but insisted on its prohibited position. And from the point of view of fair trade, it proposes to introduce anti-bribery laws into international agreements. On this basis, when the cold war ended in 90s, when economic globalization made international bribery a global problem, the United States pushed for the conclusion of many international agreements against bribery. The anti-bribery law of the United States still has some shortcomings and will be perfected with the adjustment of foreign policy in the future.
【学位授予单位】：外交学院
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D971.2

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