日本基本权利第三人效力理论研究

发布时间：2018-03-15 20:07

本文选题：基本权利　切入点：第三人效力　出处：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：基本权利第三人效力理论最早是在德国产生并发展起来的理论,这一理论伴随着德国在审判实践中的运用不断深化发展。其理论发展的脉络主要经历了这样几个阶段:无效力说、直接效力说、间接效力说、国家保护义务理论。关于该理论的研讨,即使在今天也未达成共识,仍旧存在学说之间的争议。日本作一个持立宪主义宪法观的国家,其传统的基本权利效力理论也认为宪法中的基本权利效力只及于公法领域。但是,随着资本主义的高度发展以及社会结构的变化,实践中出现了像企业、工会等拥有优势地位的私主体侵犯弱势私主体基本权利的情况,他们之间在力量、资源上的巨大差异,打破了个人与个人之间的平等关系。此时,日本学界越来越关注对私主体之间基本权利的保护问题,并在借鉴德国的基础上,逐渐形成自己的学说体系。本文的研究目的是通过分析日本基本权利第三人效力理论产生的背景、不同时期的学说概况及其反思批判,探讨日本基本权利第三人效力理论对我国的借鉴意义。本文第一部分是论述日本基本权利第三人效力理论的产生背景。只有了解了该理论产生的来龙去脉才能对整个学说理论的研究现状以及研究动向有更全面的认识。在这一部分中主要从三个方面进行了阐述,首先介绍了传统基本权利理论的相关内容;其次论述了社会变迁对基本权利理论的冲击,也就是从社会外部环境变化的角度讨论基本权利第三人效力理论产生的背景;最后阐述了基本权利自身的变迁,也就是基本权利第三人效力理论产生的内部原因。本文第二部分是日本基本权利第三人效力理论通说的确立。日本学界关于该理论经历了肯定说的兴起、多种理论的争鸣以及通说的确立。从最初的无效力说、私人间效力肯定说到后来以无效力说、间接效力说、直接效力说三大阵营的对抗,最终确立了间接效力说的通说地位,并为三菱树脂案等司法案例提供了审判实践上的指导。本文第三部分是日本基本权利第三人效力理论的反思与重构。通说确立以后,日本学界关于该理论的研究并未固步自封,而是又展开了新一轮大规模的反思与批判。在反思批判的基础上尝试从不同的角度进行学说的重构,并重新强调了美国的国家行为理论以及德国的基本权利保护义务理论在日本的适用。与此同时,新的理论成果也在不断出现并得到发展。本文第四部分是在充分研究认识日本基本权利第三人效力理论的基础之上,结合我国的研究现状及实践考察,提出日本理论对我国的借鉴意义,同时,在我国的路径选择上提出了分层次适用的观点。
[Abstract]:The third party validity theory of fundamental rights was first developed in Germany. With the deepening of Germany's application in trial practice, this theory has experienced several stages: ineffectual theory, direct effect theory, indirect effect theory, etc. The theory of the duty to protect of the state. Even though there is no consensus on this theory today, there is still a dispute between the doctrines. Japan is a nation with a constitutional constitutional view. His traditional theory of the effect of fundamental rights also holds that the effect of fundamental rights in the constitution only extends to the field of public law. However, with the development of capitalism and the change of social structure, enterprises appear in practice. Trade unions and other private entities with superior status violate the basic rights of vulnerable private subjects. The huge differences in power and resources between them have broken the equal relationship between individuals and individuals. At this time, Japanese scholars are paying more and more attention to the protection of basic rights between private subjects, and on the basis of learning from Germany, The purpose of this paper is to analyze the background of the formation of the third party effectiveness theory of basic rights in Japan, the general situation of the theory in different periods and its introspection and criticism. The first part of this paper is to discuss the background of the emergence of the third party effectiveness theory of basic rights in Japan. There is a more comprehensive understanding of the present research situation and the research trend of the whole theory. In this part, it is mainly described from three aspects. Firstly, it introduces the relevant contents of the traditional basic rights theory, and then discusses the impact of social changes on the basic rights theory, that is, the background of the third party effectiveness theory of basic rights from the perspective of the change of the social external environment. Finally, the change of the basic right itself is expounded. The second part of this paper is the establishment of the general theory of the third party effectiveness of basic rights in Japan. The controversy of various theories and the establishment of general theory. From the initial ineffectual point of view, the private validity must have been said to be the general position of the indirect validity theory, the indirect effect theory, the direct effect theory, the confrontation of the three camps, and finally established the general position of the indirect effect theory. The third part of this paper is the reflection and reconstruction of the theory of the effectiveness of the third party of basic rights in Japan. After the establishment of the general theory, the research on the theory has not been settled. Instead, a new round of large-scale reflection and criticism was launched. On the basis of reflection and criticism, we tried to reconstruct the theory from different angles. And re-emphasized the application of the theory of acts of state in the United States and the theory of the fundamental duty to protect of the rights of Germany in Japan. New theoretical achievements are also emerging and developing. Part 4th of this paper is based on the full study of the third party effectiveness theory of basic rights in Japan, combining with the current research situation and practice of our country. The paper puts forward the reference meaning of Japanese theory to our country, at the same time, puts forward the viewpoint of applying to different levels on the path choice of our country.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D931.3;DD911

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