美国少数人受教育权法律保护研究

发布时间：2018-06-05 02:47

本文选题：少数人 + 受教育权　；参考：《中央民族大学》2012年博士论文

【摘要】：中国是一个统一的多民族的国家,保障少数民族的平等权利、生存权与发展权,有非常重要和深远的意义。回顾我们国家的教育发展历史,民族教育的健康发展是离不开社会主义法律体系的保障的。但由于种种原因,中国的民族教育法制建设相对薄弱,远远落后于国家的教育发展,无法发挥其应有的保障作用。因此,加强民族教育立法的研究是至关重要的。在此背景下,学习其他国家的经验,是一个不可回避的方式,加快中国的民族教育法制建设,提高法制建设的效率有其积极的意义。当今世界是一个高度相互关联的有机整体,教育研究需要密切关注世界其他国家的民族教育的发展,学习借鉴其中有效的民族教育政策、法规。少数民族教育立法也是如此,必须有国际视野。美国作为世界上最发达的国家,其成功的背后有一套完整的教育法律制度,美国成熟的民族教育法律制度,已成为许多国家学习和借鉴的榜样。全文分为五个部分。第一部分是少数人受教育权的理论分析。从学理、法理、各国宪法制度以及国际人权法上对少数人权利的正当性与合理性进行分析,接着从对受教育权的基本内涵、权利构造、内容与性质的研究入手,阐释了少数人受教育权法律保护研究的理论基础,进而从少数人受教育权的可诉性、少数人受教育权法律关系、少数人受教育权法律救济等角度阐述了少数人受教育权保护的法律原理与制度。第二部分是美国少数人受教育权保护的历史分析。从美国少数人受教育权保护的历史演进的三个阶段(即南北战争前的种族隔离时期、南北战争后至布朗案判决前的“隔离但平等”时期以及民权运动以来从法律上消除种族隔离时期)进行分析,分别对非裔美国人、拉美裔美国人以及亚裔美国人在不同历史时期受教育权保护状况做了详细阐释,揭示了种族隔离与种族歧视是美国少数人受教育权法律保护的主要障碍,反对种族隔离与种族歧视的斗争贯穿了美国少数人争取与维护自身受教育权的全部历史。第三部分是美国少数人受教育权保护的法律分析。分别阐述了美国少数人受教育权立法的内容与现状,进而概括出美国少数人受教育权法律保护的主要特点,即在立法、司法与行政权力的相互有机协调的过程中,联邦最高法院充分行使和运用司法审查权,对美国少数人受教育权保护产生了重大影响；判例法在少数人受教育权立法中具有举足轻重的地位；联邦政府对少数人受教育权法律的有效执行起了关键作用等重要特点。第四部分是美国印第安人受教育权法律保护的特别分析。以美国印第安教育法为例,从印第安教育法的社会发展背景、演进及其立法指导思想、法律实施保障、法律修订的时效性以及立法内容的专项性等特征分析入手,对印第安教育法进行了分析和评价。印第安人作为美国的土著居民,其历史命运极其坎坷,美国政府一系列的印第安教育立法,无疑对我国的少数民族受教育权法律保护有着一定的借鉴作用。第五部分结合我国少数民族受教育权法律保护的现状与存在的问题,试图从美国少数人受教育权法律保护的历史经验、法律制度以及司法实践中概括出我国少数民族教育立法在如下四个方面的启示,即尽快制定一部体系合理、内容完备的少数民族教育基本法,加快我国少数民族受教育权的法律保障体系建设；建立有效的违宪审查制度,完善少数民族受教育权的司法与行政救济制度；尽快建立我国的民族教育经费保障法,完善财政转移支付制度,为少数人受教育提供稳定的经费保障；及时修订少数民族教育的有关立法,注重持续性与时效性相结合。
[Abstract]:China is a unified multi-ethnic country. It is very important and far-reaching to guarantee the equal rights of ethnic minorities, the right to existence and the right to development. To review the history of education and development in our country, the healthy development of national education is inseparable from the socialist legal system. However, for various reasons, China's legal system for ethnic education has been established. The construction is relatively weak, far behind the education development of the country and can not play its due guarantee. Therefore, it is very important to strengthen the research on national education legislation. In this context, learning from the experience of other countries is an unavoidable way to speed up the construction of the legal system of national education in China and improve the efficiency of the legal construction. Its positive significance. The present world is a highly interrelated organic whole. Educational research needs to pay close attention to the development of ethnic education in other countries of the world and learn from the effective national education policies and regulations. The educational legislation of the minority nationalities is also the same, and the international vision must be made. The United States is the most developed country in the world, Behind its success, there is a complete set of educational legal system. The mature legal system of ethnic education in the United States has become an example for many countries to learn from.
The full text is divided into five parts. The first part is the theoretical analysis of the right to education of the minority. From the theoretical, legal, constitutional and international human rights law, the legitimacy and rationality of the rights of the minority are analyzed. Then, the study of the basic connotation of the right to education, the structure of rights, the content and nature of the right to education, explains the teaching of the minority. The theoretical basis of the legal protection of the right to education, and then the legal principle and system of the protection of the right to education for a minority of a few people from the legal relations of the right to education, the legal relations of the right to education, and the legal relief of the right to education for a few people.
The second part is the historical analysis of the protection of the right to education in the United States. From the three stages of the historical evolution of the protection of the right to education in the United States, the three stages of the protection of the right to education in the United States (i.e., the period of apartheid before the civil war, the period of isolation but equality before the civil war to the Brown case, and the elimination of the period of apartheid from the law since the civil rights movement) A detailed explanation of the protection of the right to education for African Americans, Latino Americans and Asian Americans in different historical periods was carried out to reveal that apartheid and racism were the main obstacles to the legal protection of the minority people in the United States, and the struggle against Apartheid and racial discrimination ran through the minority of the United States. The whole history of man's struggle for and maintenance of his right to education.
The third part is the legal analysis of the protection of the right to education of the minority in the United States. It expounds the content and status of the legislation of the right to education of the minority in the United States, and then generalizes the main characteristics of the legal protection of the right to education of the minority in the United States, that is, the Supreme Court of the Federal Supreme Court is fully exercised in the process of legislative, judicial and administrative power to coordinate each other. And the use of judicial review has a great influence on the protection of the minority in the United States; the case law plays an important role in the legislation of the minority people's right to education; the federal government plays an important role in the effective implementation of the law of the right to education for a few.
The fourth part is the special analysis of the legal protection of the right to education of the American Indians. Taking the Indian Education Law of the United States as an example, from the background of the social development of the Indian education law, the evolution and its legislative guiding ideology, the guarantee of the law enforcement, the timeliness of the revision of the law and the specific characteristics of the legislative content, the education law of Indian is made. The historical fate of the Indians, as the Native Americans of the United States, is extremely bumpy. A series of Indian educational legislation of the American government undoubtedly has a certain reference to the legal protection of the minority nationalities in our country.
The fifth part, combining the present situation and existing problems of the legal protection of the right to education of minority nationalities in our country, attempts to summarize the four aspects of the minority education legislation in our country from the historical experience of the legal protection of the right to education in the United States, the legal system and the judicial practice, that is, to formulate a system as soon as possible and finish the content as soon as possible. The basic law of minority education is prepared to accelerate the construction of the legal guarantee system of the right to education for ethnic minorities in our country, to establish an effective system of unconstitutional review, to perfect the judicial and administrative relief system for the right to education for ethnic minorities, to establish our national education fund guarantee law as soon as possible, to complete a good financial transfer payment system and to educate a minority of people. It provides stable financial support, timely revisions of legislation on ethnic minority education, and emphasizes continuity and timeliness.
【学位授予单位】：中央民族大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.1

【引证文献】