私有财产的束缚与解放——洛克劳动财产理论研究

发布时间：2018-08-02 18:45

【摘要】：私有财产的正当性并非不证自明的。私有财产在极长的一段时间里都被束缚在桎梏中。一切对私有财产的偏见皆源自对秩序动荡的担心,但仍可具化为三重面向,即反对私有财产的伦理、宗教、政治理由。从马基雅维里主义推演而出的近代职业伦理雏形否定了大而化之通行一切的道德标准,它表明至少对某些职业而言积累私有财富反倒是评断成功与否的标准。宗教改革后的新教徒奉行严格的现世禁欲主义,认为救赎的资格是事业上的成功。马基雅维里与新教伦理分别成功打破了束缚私有财产的伦理与宗教之索,然而伴随私有财产解放而生之贫富差距,并进而导致的社会问题反倒使政治上对私有财产的攻击显得愈发可信。洛克的劳动财产理论打破了束缚私有财产的最后一根锁链,从根本上肯定了私有财产的价值。洛克返归国家政府建立前之自然状态,他认为促使最初由神赐之公有财产转向供个体消费之私有财产的媒介是专属于个人所有的劳动。自然状态下的个人占有受到"腐烂原则"的限制,然而货币的出现使个人积聚大大过于其需求的财富成为可能,"腐烂原则"已形同虚设。财富占有不均衡而导致的掠夺行为、自然状态下个人救济手段的低效共同激发了人类对公民社会的向往,人类保护其所占有之财产的欲望是为国家政府诞生的最根本原因,建立国家的目的即在于保护私有财产,劳动财产理论彻底摧毁了将私有财产视作政治分裂之大敌的观点,私有财产从此得到彻底解放。约翰·洛克从哲学认识论的高度为其政治理论奠定了颠扑不破的基础。借由"复杂观念"、"造物者模式"与知识门类的再划分,洛克成功实现这一目标。
[Abstract]:The legitimacy of private property is not self-evident. Private property was shackled for a long time. All prejudice against private property stems from the fear of turbulence, but can still be triple-faced, namely, ethical, religious, and political reasons against private property. The embryonic form of modern professional ethics derived from Machiavellianism negates the moral standard of all that is widely adopted. It shows that the accumulation of private wealth, at least for some professions, is the criterion for judging success or failure. The Protestants of the Reformation followed strict earthly asceticism and considered the eligibility for redemption to be a career success. Machiavelli and Protestant ethics succeeded in breaking down the ethical and religious lines that bound private property, but the gap between the rich and the poor was accompanied by the liberation of private property. And the resulting social problems have made political attacks on private property more credible. Locke's theory of labor and property broke the last chain of restraining private property and affirmed the value of private property. Locke returned to the state of nature before the establishment of the national government, arguing that the medium which had initially shifted from the public property given by God to the private property for personal consumption was a kind of work exclusively owned by individuals. Personal possession in natural state is limited by the "rotten principle". However, the emergence of money makes it possible for individuals to accumulate wealth which greatly exceeds their needs, and the "rotten principle" has become a virtual one. The plundering behavior caused by the unbalanced possession of wealth and the low efficiency of individual relief means in the natural state together arouse the yearning of human beings for civil society. The desire of human beings to protect the property they possess is the most fundamental reason for the birth of the national government. The aim of the state was to protect private property. The theory of labor property completely destroyed the idea that private property was regarded as the enemy of political division, and private property was liberated completely. John Locke laid an unbreakable foundation for his political theory from the height of philosophical epistemology. By subdivision of complex ideas, Creator patterns and categories of knowledge, Locke succeeded in achieving this goal.
【作者单位】：西北政法大学;
【分类号】：D90

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