国家学说视野下的霍布斯自然法理论研究

发布时间：2018-01-18 00:27

本文关键词：国家学说视野下的霍布斯自然法理论研究　出处：《中国政法大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 霍布斯在《利维坦》中对自然法的论述可以分为国家建立之前的自然法与国家建立之后的自然法两部分。对于这两种自然法之间关系的传统解释认为二者在性质上是相同的,只不过是在国家建立之后,之前自然法的一些内容为主权者所颁布的市民法所取代,也就是说随着国家的建立,前国家的自然法就“消逝了”。但是泰勒——沃伦德的神学解读模式对传统模式的批评可以说在一定程度上揭示出霍布斯的自然法的不同面相。而对霍布斯与愚人的相关争论的考察可以界定出前国家的自然法的最重要的特征——平等,这种平等既是要求适用自然法的双方或多方在实际状况中是平等的,并且这种自然法的内容始终要求的是一种平等的限制。霍布斯声称国家是通过契约按照自然法的要求而建立的,但是霍布斯实际上却认为国家可以通过两种不同的方式而建立:即按约建立的国家和自然形成的国家。这两种方式中只有前者符合那种以平等为特征的自然法的要求,而后者则是与这种自然法完全冲突的。霍布斯的三本核心著作中国家学说表现出一种按约建立君主制对自然学说的君主制的取代的趋势,前者越来越成为霍布斯讨论的重点。按约建立的君主制是为了调和拥护按约建立共和国家的共和派与拥护自然形成的君主国家的君主派之间的冲突,一种按约建立的君主制,既能符合共和派对于立约的要求,也能满足君主派对于君主统治的要求。从国家学说的这种调和本质来看,共和派在建立国家的形式上要求采取立约的形式,因此国家学说之前的自然法必然是与按约建立的国家相一致的那种平等的自然法,而对于已经建立起来的国家,则是按照自然形成的君主制的形象进行描述,所以那种自然法的平等特就必须被削弱,自然法的重要性也必须被削弱。自然法在这里被认为不过是那种被剥夺了内容也剥夺了权威性,随时被市民法所确定或否认的不成文法。所以霍布斯的国家学说的调和目的就可以看作是造成霍布斯的自然法的呈现出的不同面相的原因之一。
[Abstract]:Hobbes' discussion of natural law in Leviathan can be divided into two parts: the natural law before the establishment of the state and the natural law after the establishment of the state. It's the same up there. It was only after the establishment of the country that some of the contents of the former natural law were replaced by the civil law promulgated by the sovereign, that is, with the establishment of the state. The natural law of the former state was "gone." But Taylor-Wallend's theological interpretation of the traditional model can be said to reveal to some extent the different aspects of Hobbes' natural law, and the examination of Hobbes' arguments with the fool can be defined. Equality is the most important feature of the natural law of the former country. This equality requires that both or parties applying natural law are equal in practice. And the content of this natural law has always required an equality restriction. Hobbes claims that the state was established by contract in accordance with the requirements of natural law. But Hobbes actually thinks that the state can be built in two different ways:. That is, the state established according to the treaty and the state formed by nature. Of these two methods, only the former meets the requirements of the kind of natural law characterized by equality. The latter is completely in conflict with this natural law. In Hobbes' three core works, the theory of state shows a tendency to replace the monarchy of nature by establishing a monarchy according to contract. The former was increasingly the focus of Hobbes' discussion. The constitutional monarchy was established to reconcile the conflict between the republicans who supported the constitution and the monarchies who supported the natural formation of the monarchy. A system of monarchies established by the covenant that meets both the requirements of the Republicans for the establishment of the covenant and the requirements of the monarchies for the rule of the monarchy. The Republican Party called for the establishment of the state in the form of a treaty, so the natural law before the doctrine of the state must be the kind of equal natural law that is consistent with the state established by the covenant. For countries that have been established, they are described in the image of a naturally formed monarchy, so the equality of that natural law must be weakened. The importance of natural law must also be diminished. Natural law is considered here to be nothing more than a denial of content and authority. An unwritten law established or denied by civil law at any time. So the conciliatory purpose of Hobbes' doctrine of state can be regarded as one of the causes of the different facets of Hobbes' natural law.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D909.1

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