试论明代朝审制度

发布时间：2018-01-18 01:35

本文关键词：试论明代朝审制度　出处：《天津师范大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 明代的朝审制度在明代的会官审录体系中占有重要的地位,要研究明代的朝审制度,就必须了解朝审制度的思想渊源和制度渊源。西周时期,中国古代的政治家便阐述了慎刑的观念对于司法的重要性,此后,经历代的思想家、政治家的不断发展完善,慎刑思想在司法制度中得到了充分的体现。朝审制度在组织形式上属于会审制度,在程序方面属于死刑复核制度。明代在朝审制度形成之前,皇帝经常会派三法司(刑部、大理寺、都察院)官员会同其他各部门官员对死刑案件进行复核,经逐渐的发展和完备,朝审制度正式于天顺二年(1459年)成为定制,于天顺三年(1460年)开始正式实施。朝审的对象主要为京师地区已定案的死刑囚犯,参与审录的官员中除三法司官员外,还包括了中央其他部门的官员。朝审制度的确立,有助于皇帝控制生杀大权,是明代君主集权制度在司法上的重要体现；朝审制度也使得明代京师地区死刑案件的法律适用得到统一,保证了法制完整的同时,令死刑慎用制度更加完备化制度化。朝审程序一般于霜降后进行,经过对死囚的审录,做出情真罪当或可矜可疑等判决后上奏皇帝,由皇帝做最终的裁决,一般情况下,情真罪当的囚犯被执行死刑,可矜可疑的囚犯被减等发戍。明代朝审制度的特点主要表现为两方面,首先是君主专制集权的表现,其次是慎刑思想的表现。但在此制度的实际运作中,虽然在一定程度上达到了减少死刑适用的效果,但朝审在程序上往往会流于形式,且朝审的举行实际上也被政治所影响。不论制度运行的实际效果与制度设置的目的之间存在多大差异,朝审仍不失为明代会审制度中的重要一环,并为清代的秋审及朝审制度所借鉴。此外,明代朝审制度对于当代的死刑复核程序建设也具有很重要的参考价值,其中,使死刑复核标准一致,保障法律的统一适用；广泛进行讨论,慎用死刑；规范死刑复核程序,保障当事人的诉讼权利得到充分行使；保障司法权的独立行使,确保司法审判不沦为政治的附庸等四大方面尤其值得当今司法所重视。
[Abstract]:The Ming Dynasty court system plays an important role in the Ming Dynasty, in order to study the Ming Dynasty court system, it is necessary to understand the ideological and institutional origin of the system. In ancient China, politicians expounded the importance of the concept of careful punishment to the administration of justice, since then, experienced generations of thinkers, politicians continue to develop and perfect. The thought of careful punishment has been fully reflected in the judicial system. The system of court trial belongs to the system of assembly in the organizational form and the system of death penalty review in the aspect of procedure. The Ming Dynasty was before the formation of the system of the court of justice. The emperor often sent three law departments (the Department of torture, the Dali Temple, the Capital Court) together with other officials to review the death penalty cases, after gradual development and completion. The court trial system was formally customized in Tianshun two years (1459) and officially implemented in Tianshun three years (1460). In addition to the officials of the three legal departments, they also included the officials of other central departments. The establishment of the court system was helpful for the emperor to control the power of birth and death, which was an important embodiment of the centralization of the monarch in the Ming Dynasty. The court trial system also unified the application of the law of capital punishment cases in the Ming Dynasty, guaranteed the integrity of the legal system, and made the death penalty system more complete and systematized. The court trial procedure was generally carried out after Frosts Descent. After the trial of death row, after making the judgment of the true crime or doubt, the emperor will make the final decision. In general, the prisoner who is guilty of the crime will be executed. The characteristics of the trial system in Ming Dynasty are mainly in two aspects: the first is the expression of autocratic monarchy and the second is the expression of the thought of careful punishment, but in the actual operation of this system. Although to some extent achieved the effect of reducing the application of the death penalty, but the court trial in the procedure will often become a mere form. And the holding of the court trial is actually influenced by politics. No matter how much difference exists between the actual effect of system operation and the purpose of system setting, the court trial is still an important link in the Ming Dynasty trial system. In addition, the Ming Dynasty trial system for the contemporary construction of the death penalty review procedure also has a very important reference value, which, so that the death penalty review standards are consistent. To guarantee the uniform application of the law; Extensive discussion and careful use of the death penalty; Standardizing the procedure of death penalty review to ensure that the litigant's rights are fully exercised; The four aspects of ensuring the independent exercise of judicial power and ensuring that judicial trial does not degenerate into political vassal are especially worthy of our attention.
【学位授予单位】：天津师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D929

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