美国破产法对担保债权的限制和保护

发布时间：2018-02-02 11:09

本文关键词： 担保债权索赔重整自动冻结　出处：《山东大学》2010年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 全文除前言和结语外,分为四个部分：第一部分是关于担保债权的界定。担保债权应是舶来语,意为有担保权的债权。本文中一语双关,兼具担保权益和担保债权双重含义,视语境不同而用之。因中美地处不同法系,立法体系与语言环境也存在较大差别,美语中“担保权益”,经传入我国后有“担保权益”、“担保利益”、“担保债权”等译文,笔者认为应对应于大陆法系中的担保物权概念。然,“担保权益”概念的范畴远远大于担保物权,很多新的担保方式也被美国统一商法典、国内税收法典和美国破产法典所创设并加入到担保权益的概念之中。第二部分则详细介绍了担保债权在破产法上的索赔进程。首先是关于破产债权的定义。不是任何债权在进入破产程序后都可以被确认为破产债权。但是,美国破产法对破产债权的定义显然是相当宽泛的,最基本的原则是“有获得清偿的权利”。值得关注的是,该项原则对担保债权和无担保债权都是适用的。只有在厘清破产债权的定义后,对债权的索赔进程才能有更清醒的理解。对所有的债权来说,破产状态下和非破产状态下的索赔进程是截然不同的。担保债权的索赔开始于债权的申报,经过评估,适格的担保债权被删选出来,其中担保债权的价值将由法院作出评估,同时,担保物的价值也必须被确认。最后,所有的债权将等待债务人财产的分配,这是各方利益的最终博弈。担保债权因为其在担保物上的担保权益,可以经托管人出售担保物获得收入,合理适当的分配费用后,在担保权益的范围内获得优先清偿。因此,担保债权大都能获得全部的清偿。之后,无担保债权根据各自的优先性按比例分配剩余的破产财团财产。第三部分是关于破产的另一个重要程序。重整程序的本质是要求债权人对债务人作出一定的妥协,从而使债务人企业能起死回生。相比破产清算程序,在重整中,债权人都不可避免地给予债务人一个债务的宽限期,同时债务人提出重整计划,承诺对债权人清偿。尽管如此,担保债权在重整程序中,还是能得到最大的清偿,也许是未来的清偿,但担保权益的存在无疑是其最好的保障。相反,无担保债权并没有如此的好运,但其所得至少不会比清算要差。第四部分是关于破产的一项最特殊的制度——自动冻结。一旦破产被申请,一切针对债务人财产的行为立即中止。这就是自动冻结制度。相比于无担保债权,担保债权拥有无可比拟的优势。破产法关于解除自动冻结的司法救济,更像是为担保债权设定的。显然,这是因为自动冻结的最大伤害,即延迟了担保权益的执行
[Abstract]:In addition to the preface and conclusion, the full text is divided into four parts: The first part is about the definition of secured claims. The secured claims should be foreign language, meaning the claims of security rights. Because China and the United States are located in different legal systems, the legislative system and the language environment are also quite different. After the introduction of "security interests" in American English, there are "security interests" and "security interests". The author thinks that it should correspond to the concept of security interest in the civil law system. However, the scope of the concept of "security interest" is far greater than that of security interest. Many new forms of security have also been created and added to the concept of security interests by the United States Commercial Code, the domestic tax Code and the American bankruptcy Code. The second part introduces in detail the claim process of secured claims in insolvency law. Firstly, it is about the definition of insolvency claims. It is not that any claims can be recognized as bankruptcy claims after entering insolvency proceedings. The definition of bankruptcy claims in the United States is obviously quite broad, and the most basic principle is "the right to be satisfied". This principle is applicable to both secured and unsecured claims. Only when the definition of insolvency claims is clarified can the claim process be better understood. For all claims. Claims in bankruptcy state and in non-bankruptcy state are different. Claims for secured claims begin with the declaration of claims, and after evaluation, eligible secured claims are deleted and selected. Where the value of the secured claim will be assessed by the court, the value of the security must also be confirmed... finally, all claims will await the distribution of the debtor's property. This is the final game of the interests of all parties. Security claims because of their security interests in the collateral, can be sold by the custodian to obtain income, reasonable distribution of expenses. As a result, most secured claims are paid in full. After that, unsecured claims distribute the remaining property of the bankruptcy consortium proportionately according to their respective priorities. The third part is another important procedure on insolvency. The essence of reorganization procedure is to require creditors to make a certain compromise to the debtor, so that the debtor enterprise can come back to life. In reorganization, creditors inevitably give the debtor a grace period for the debt, while the debtor puts forward a reorganization plan, promising to pay off the creditor. Nevertheless, the secured claim is in the reorganization proceedings. The best payoff, perhaps in the future, may be the future, but the existence of a security interest is undoubtedly its best guarantee. On the contrary, unsecured claims are not so lucky, but at least they do not earn less than liquidation. Part 4th is one of the most special regimes on insolvency-automatic freezing. Once insolvency is filed, all actions directed against the debtor's property are immediately suspended. This is the automatic freezing regime, as opposed to unsecured claims. Secured claims have an unparalleled advantage. The judicial relief provided by insolvency law for the release of automatic freezing is more like one created for secured claims. Obviously, this is because of the maximum harm caused by automatic freezing. That is, the execution of the security interest has been delayed
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D971.2;DD912.29

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