中国近代国家赔偿制度探析

发布时间：2018-02-21 00:12

本文关键词： 国家赔偿制度中国近代人权冤狱赔偿　出处：《西南政法大学》2013年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：中国近代是中国历史发展的特殊时期，在这个社会急剧转型的大环境下，思想变革、法律移植以及本土化成为时代的标杆。宪法与行政法就是在这一背景下开始孕育产生，并指导了中国的政治进程。作为分支的国家赔偿理论也伴随着人权理念的引入走进中国，打破了延续千年、毫无限制的国家权力专断局面。在既无公法基础、又无人民主权意识的中国，能在短短数十年间使国家赔偿的观念得以生根发芽，甚至在宪法中得以体现，不得不令人钦佩和学习。本文重点论述从清末“洋务运动”到1949年这一阶段国家赔偿制度的移植、发展进程，正文共分四个部分。第一部分，介绍国家赔偿制度的产生背景。18世纪的欧洲，随着工业经济的发展，新兴的资产阶级开始登上政治舞台，对获得财产和自由的保护更加渴望。随着政府职能的不断扩充，公权力侵犯人权的现象越来越严重，然而在“国家绝对主权”的意识主导下，，受害者只能自受其果，这种现象引起了人民越来越多的不满。随着“社会契约论”逐渐被社会认可以及人权观念的发展，国家赔偿理论开始逐步发展，历经国家责任绝对豁免时期、国家责任相对豁免时期和国家无过错责任时期。政治制度和法律有其存在发展的规律，本部分通过分析国际上国家赔偿制度产生的动因，为描述其在中国移植、发展的过程做一铺垫。第二部分，通过史料分析中国国家赔偿理念产生的基础以及制度的引入。在洋务运动失败后，资产阶级先进分子逐渐认识到，光从技术上学习不能改变中国落后挨打的局面，只有改变腐败的封建制度才能从根本上达到强国的目的。从“戊戌变法”开始，西方的制度、文化逐步引入中国，人权观念也开始出现在中国的文字中。随着先后的几次文化运动，人权观念逐步深入人心，并最终成为宪法中的一部分。人权的观念使人民通过法律保护自己财产和人身权利的意识觉醒，同时国家赔偿理念开始引入中国并引发学者关注。第三部分，就国家赔偿理念引入中国后学界的讨论和立法情况。自1923年王世杰就国家赔偿发表论文后，学界针对国家是否有责任进行赔偿、国家赔偿的适用的法律、赔偿范围等等问题逐一进行了讨论。与西方学界理论相仿，先后出现了“国家无责任说”、“国家代位责任说”、“国家无过错赔偿说”等等理论。在法律界学术讨论的过程中，统治者在立法上也逐渐承认了国家赔偿的责任，并在《行政诉讼条例》、《行政诉讼法》《土地法》、《警械使用条例》等法律法规中规定了国家赔偿的义务，但这些规定仅为理念性的认可，因过于粗陋，并不具备实践操作性，因此学界就如何修改法律、制定国家赔偿法展开了研究讨论。第四部分，讲述中国近代国家赔偿制度的实践，即冤狱赔偿运动。冤狱赔偿运动是国家赔偿理论发展的一个高潮。针对国民政府时期尤其是1931年《危害民国紧急治罪法》颁布后大量存在的冤狱情况，以上海律师公会为首的律师界发起了“保障人权”、“维护法制”的冤狱赔偿运动。本文详细介绍了冤狱赔偿运动的发展过程以及学者的主要论著情况，借以重现当时赔偿运动的全貌。
[Abstract]:Chinese modern is the special period in the history of the development of the Chinese, in the rapid social transformation of the environment, ideological change, legal transplantation and localization become the time benchmark. The Constitution and administrative law is conceived in the background, the political process and guide China. As a branch of the theory of state compensation is also accompanied by the introduction of the concept of human rights into the Chinese, broke continued for thousands of years, there is no limit state of arbitrary power situation. In neither the law nor the basis of people's sovereignty consciousness Chinese, in just a few decades the state compensation concept to take root, and even reflected in the constitution, but admirable and learning.
This paper focuses on the transplantation and development process of the state compensation system from the "Westernization Movement" in the late Qing Dynasty to the 1949, and the text is divided into four parts.
The first part introduces the background of the national compensation system of.18 century Europe, with the development of industrial economy, the emerging bourgeoisie began on the political stage, more eager to get the protection of property and freedom. With the continuous expansion of government functions, the power of human rights violations of the phenomenon more and more serious, however, in the "state of absolute the sovereign" consciousness under the guidance of the victims since only the fruit, this phenomenon has aroused people's more and more dissatisfied. With the "social contract theory" has been the development of social recognition and the concept of human rights, the state compensation theory gradually began to develop, through national responsibility absolute exemption period, the responsibility of the state the relative exemption period and country without fault the responsibility period. Political system and law has its law of development, motivation of this part through the analysis of the international system of national compensation for the description of the Chinese shift Plant, the process of development to make a paving.
The second part, through the historical analysis of introducing the concept of state compensation Chinese and the foundation of the system. After the failure in the Westernization Movement, advanced bourgeoisie gradually realized that the light of learning cannot change the poor situation of Chinese technically, the feudal system can only change the corruption fundamentally to power. From the beginning of the "1898", the western culture system, gradually introduced the concept of human rights China, also began to appear in the text. Chinese with several cultural movement has the concept of human rights is gradually accepted and eventually become part of the constitution. The awakening of the concept of human rights that people protect their property and personal rights through legal consciousness, at the same time the concept of state compensation and caused the attention of the scholars began to introduce Chinese.
The third part, introduce the concept of state compensation legislation was discussed and Chinese circles. Since 1923, Wang Shijie has published the state compensation, compensation for the national academic circles have the responsibility, state compensation law, the scope of compensation and so on were discussed one by one. With the western academic theory has appeared similar, "countries without responsibility", "national subrogation responsibility", "state of no fault compensation theory" and so on. In the process of academic discussion of the legal profession, the rulers in the legislation also gradually recognized the national compensation liability, and administrative procedure regulations in < >, < > > the administrative procedure law of the land law, police. The use of Ordinance and other laws and regulations in the provisions of the state compensation obligation, but these Provisions are only for the concept of recognition, because too clumsy, does not have the practical operation, so the academic circles on how to modify the law, the formulation of national compensation The compensation law has been discussed and discussed.
The fourth part tells the practice of modern national compensation system China, namely the criminal compensation campaign. Criminal compensation campaign is a climax of development of the state compensation theory. In the period of national government especially the miscarriage of justice there are a lot of cases in 1931 "endangering the Republic after the promulgation of emergency penal law >, the Shanghai Bar Association led by lawyers launched" the protection of human rights "," the criminal compensation campaign to uphold the rule of law ". This paper describes the major development of the criminal compensation campaign and scholars, in order to reproduce the motion picture. At the time of compensation

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D929

【共引文献】