清末民初的公司法

发布时间：2018-02-25 05:29

本文关键词： 公司公司律公司律调查案公司条例合伙制　出处：《中国政法大学》2009年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： “公司”一词是西方舶来品。传统中国并不缺乏商业经营的历史,但却未能从内部产生公司制度及公司法。公司及公司法传入中国,是中国遭遇西方的结果。自1840年中国在鸦片战争中失败后,西方的思想、文化伴随着商品及坚船利炮一同传入中国。19世纪末,中国开始了被后人称为法制现代化的进程,公司法的移植就是这其中的一个组成部分。中国近代首部公司立法——《公司律》颁布于1904年。当时的清政府希望借修律维护统治,而修律的核心是向西方法律学习。因此,公司律的大部分条文经由翻译西方法律而来,但却在一定程度上脱离中国社会的现实,忽略中国传统商业习惯,使得新制度与现有的商业规则缺乏有效衔接和顺利过渡。相比较当时封建小农经济仍占主流,整个社会经济还不发达的状况,《公司律》的规定无疑是过分超前于整个时代的。正是由于《公司律》的以上弊端,各地商会决定联合起来,实际访查商事习惯,参照各国最新立法例,自行编纂商法草案,发起了商人自订商法的活动,并于1907年和1909年召开商法讨论大会。大会经由讨论,制定出《商法总则》与《公司律调查案》,并送交清政府呈请施行。《公司律调查案》对1904年《公司律》作出较大修改,不管是整部法律的框架体系还是具体的条文规定。它在广泛考察中国社会商业习惯的基础上制定而成,先有民间调查而后制定调整规则,因此更加贴近社会现实、更利于法律实施。《公司律调查案》在公司法立法史中的地位举足轻重。它开创了商人参与立法的先河,商人参加立法与仅仅由政府官员或者法学家立法相比更为合理,原因在于:“商法既为保护商人,推广贸易之用,则编纂商法之事,自于商人之利害较切。”正是因为以上优点,《公司法调查案》成为1914年颁布的《公司条例》雏形。该条例无论是体例、内容或用语,均与《公司法调查案》相似或相同,只是部分内容有所增删,如增加保护善意第三人、贯彻意思自治原则的条款等。通过对公司法条文的比较分析及当时典型企业的商业实践,可以从公司法的产生动力、本土资源与外来模式、官商关系等方面得到一些有益的启示,从而对清末民初进行公司法移植的过程有更为深入全面的了解。
[Abstract]:The term "company" is imported from the West. The traditional China is not short of the history of commercial operation, but it has failed to produce the company system and company law from the inside, and the company and company law have been introduced into China. Since the defeat of China in the Opium War in 1840, Western ideas and culture were introduced into China at the end of the 19th century along with commodities and strong ships and guns, and China began the process of modernization of the legal system called by later generations. The transplantation of company law is one of these components. The first company legislation in modern China was promulgated in 1904. At that time, the Qing government wanted to use the law to maintain the rule, and the core of the law revision was to learn from western law. Most of the articles of the company law come through the translation of western laws, but to some extent they are divorced from the reality of Chinese society and ignore the traditional Chinese business habits. This made the new system lack of effective connection and smooth transition with the existing commercial rules. Compared with the feudal small-scale peasant economy at that time, the feudal small-scale peasant economy still dominated the mainstream. The state of the whole society and economy is still underdeveloped, and the provisions of the "Company Law" are undoubtedly too far ahead of the entire era. It is precisely because of the above drawbacks of the "Company Law" that local chambers of commerce have decided to unite and actually visit commercial habits. In the light of the latest legislative acts of various countries, the preparation of the draft commercial law by themselves, the launching of a commercial custom commercial law initiative and the convening of a commercial law discussion conference on 1907 and 1909, which was discussed at the General Assembly, The General principles of Commercial Law and the investigation of Company Law were formulated and sent to the Qing government for execution. Whether it is the framework system of the whole law or the specific provisions. It has been formulated on the basis of a broad examination of the commercial habits of Chinese society. It has a folk survey and then formulates the adjustment rules, so it is closer to the social reality. "investigation of Company Law" plays an important role in the legislative history of company law. It pioneers the participation of businessmen in legislation, which is more reasonable than merely legislating by government officials or jurists. The reason is: "the commercial law is used to protect merchants and promote trade, so it is a matter of codifying commercial law." It is precisely because of the above advantages that the Company Law investigation case became the embryonic form of the Company Ordinance promulgated in 1914. Whether it is style, content or terminology, it is similar or identical to the Company Law investigation case. Only some of the contents have been added and deleted, such as increasing the protection of bona fide third parties, implementing the provisions of the principle of autonomy of will, etc. Through the comparative analysis of the provisions of the Company Law and the commercial practice of typical enterprises at that time, we can derive the motive force from the Company Law. Local resources and foreign models, official and commercial relations and other aspects to get some useful enlightenment, so that the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China to carry out a more in-depth understanding of the process of corporate law transplantation.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D922.291.91;D929

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