“公共安全”例外研究

发布时间：2018-04-13 19:49

本文选题：米兰达规则 + 夸尔斯案　；参考：《中国政法大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 本文根据美国联邦最高法院涉及“公共安全”例外的重要判决和国内外学者的论文和专著研究,介绍米兰达规则的“公共安全”例外的基本内容、适用范围、反对意见及后续发展,并主要采用判例研究的方法对“公共安全”例外在反恐案件中的扩张适用进行分析和评价。米兰达规则是美国法律中最具争议的制度之一,它不仅在美国刑事司法制度中占据极其重要的地位,也引起了世界范围内的广泛关注。自1966年美国联邦最高法院在米兰达诉亚利桑那州案中创立米兰达规则以来,该规则就步入了褒贬不一、是非不断的境地。当时,在该案中持反对意见的大法官们就预言,这一规则将损害甚至摧毁执法部门长期以来所使用的有效工具,尤其是,排除规则的贯彻执行将大大减少被追诉人供述的数量,影响到对犯罪的控制,引起公众不满。面对这样的社会压力,联邦最高法院的大法官们不得不对排除规则的适用施加限制,在司法判例中形成了大量的例外。其中,夸尔斯案(New Yorkv.Quarles)就是一个十分重要的标志性判例。通过该判例,美国联邦最高法院确立了“米兰达规则”的“公共安全”例外,即当对公共安全的关心合理地促使警察提问时,即使犯罪嫌疑人被提问前没有收到“米兰达警告”,他(她)所作的供述也可以被采纳为证据。本文共分四章: 第一章对“公共安全”例外产生的背景和基本内容进行了概述。首先简单回顾了米兰达规则的产生和其引发的社会争论以及对该规则的限制趋势,随后介绍了夸尔斯案的基本案情和判决的基本内容,而正是这一判决创造了米兰达规则的“公共安全”例外。最后,笔者在研读判决的基础上总结出“公共安全”例外的适用范围,主要包括三点:第一,存在现实的公共安全(包括警察自身和其他社会公众的安全)隐患;第二,警察的讯问行为需被客观、合理地推定为出于考虑公共安全的动机;第三,根据当时的紧急情况,讯问犯罪嫌疑人是化解危机的唯一手段。第二章介绍了“公共安全”例外创立之初的反对意见。主要从司法和学术两个层面来介绍,包括:关于警察讯问“强制性”的推定能否被否定;能否为“米兰达规则”确立一个“公共安全”例外;是否应当排除非言词证据;该例外的适用范围如何确定;等等。笔者在对这些不同意见进行介绍和分析的基础上,对“公共安全”例外的适用提出建议,希望联邦最高法院在今后的判例中至少就以下几个问题作出解释:怎样才叫做对公共安全构成威胁;威胁多大才能适用公共安全例外;警察实施了怎样的行为才会排除该例外的适用。第三章讲述“公共安全”例外的后续发展。首先,通过联邦最高法院的三个判例——迈卡蒂案、布克奈案和迪克森案——对“公共安全”例外的后续发展进行简单介绍,从这三个判例中,可以找到美国联邦最高法院应用“公共安全”例外的一些线索。随后,介绍了下级法院审判的几个相关案例,包括布雷迪案、卡里案、柯林斯案和考克斯案,从这几个案件中,可以明显看出下级法院在模糊的适用标准之下对“公共安全”例外所进行的扩张适用。第四章建议将米兰达规则的“公共安全”例外扩张适用到反恐案件当中。“9·11”事件的发生对美国近年来的移民政策、法律实施与安全法规产生了深远的影响。原本将于2005年10月期满失效的《爱国者法案》在2005年7月21日的美国国会众议院投票表决中再度被批准。然而,由于该法案的实施极易导致政府权力的滥用和对人权的侵犯,引起美国国内和国际社会的广泛批评,至此,“美籍塔利班”案件给美国联邦最高法院带来了新的法律议题。笔者建议在这类案件中适用“公共安全”例外,即把恐怖主义活动视为威胁公共安全的紧急情况,可以在不进行米兰达警告的情况下对其进行讯问,由此得到的供述仍然具有可采性,从而在保护国家安全和防止行政权力滥用之间达到平衡。
[Abstract]:This paper introduces the basic contents , the scope of application , the objection and the follow - up of the " public security " exception of Miranda rule according to the important judgment of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the exception of " public security " and the author ' s thesis and special study , and mainly adopts the method of case study to analyze and evaluate the extension of " public security " exception in counter - terrorism cases .

The Miranda rule is one of the most controversial regimes in the U.S . law , which not only occupies an extremely important position in the U.S . criminal justice system , but also gives rise to widespread attention in the world . In the case , the Supreme Court of the Federal Supreme Court predicted that the rule would undermine or even destroy the effective tools used by law enforcement authorities for a long time . In particular , the Supreme Court of the Federal Supreme Court has had to impose restrictions on the application of the exclusion rule . In particular , the Supreme Court of the Federal Supreme Court has had to impose restrictions on the application of the exclusion rule , which , even if the suspect was questioned , did not receive the Miranda warning , and the statement made by him ( she ) could also be adopted as evidence .

This article is divided into four chapters :

Chapter One gives an overview of the background and basic contents of the exception of " public security " . Firstly , the author briefly reviews the emergence of Miranda rule and the social disputes caused by it and the restrictions on the rules , and then introduces the basic contents of the rules of public security .

The second chapter introduces the objection to the establishment of the " public security " exception . It is mainly introduced from the judicial and academic levels , including : whether the presumption of " mandatory " of the police questioning can be negated ; whether it can establish a " public security " exception for the " Miranda rule " ; whether it should exclude non - verbal evidence ; whether it is called " public security " should be ruled out ; and so on .

The third chapter is about the follow - up development of the " public security " exception . First , through the three cases of the Supreme Court of the Federal Supreme Court , the case of Mekati , the Bokay case and the Dixon ' s case , we can find some clues to the application of the " public security " exception in the Supreme Court of the United States . Then , several relevant cases of the lower court trial , including the Bregi case , the Carri case , the Collins case and the Cox case , can be found . From these cases , it can be seen that the lower court applies to the expansion of the " public security " exception under the vague application standard .

Chapter IV proposes to apply the Miranda rule ' s " public security " exception to counter - terrorism cases . The " 9 路 11 " incident has a far - reaching impact on U.S . immigration policy , legal enforcement and security legislation in recent years . However , the application of the " public security " exception to the U.S . Federal Supreme Court in October 2005 has brought new legal issues to the U.S . Federal Supreme Court .

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D971.2

【参考文献】