清代提刑按察使司述论

发布时间：2018-05-07 07:50

本文选题：按察使 + 按察使司　；参考：《华东政法大学》2009年硕士论文

【摘要】： 按察使司制度是中国古代法律制度史中一个非常重要的组成部分。清代,按察使固定成为省一级专门的司法、监察机构,负责一省徒以上刑案的复核与对官员的监察考课。清代按察使司的主要职能有司法审判(更确切地说,是一种司法复核职能)、秋审、治安管理、监狱管理、监察、驿站管理、风俗教化等。笔者将清代按察使司定性为省一级的专门司法、监察机关。这是因为按察使的绝大部分时间和工作都是围绕案件的复核来进行的,并且按察使司行使监察职能绝大多数情况也是在案件复核中发现官员存在的问题,继而行使监察权的。秋审、治安管理及监狱管理职能也是古代大司法职能的一种自然延伸,可被司法职能所囊括。因而清代按察使司性质之一即为专门的司法机关。清按察使司行使监察职能时,除了在案件复核中发现某案存有疑点或有其他违反程序的情形从而对官员进行监察外,还能主动行使监察权。这种主动行使的监察职能又可分为三种方式：按察使主动明察暗访,行使监察职能；通过对案件的复核,发现案件中存在的不合理之处,然后具详请参；对在省官员进行定期考核。按察使主动行使监察职能并不能被司法职能所涵盖。所以笔者将其列为独立于司法职能之外的一项重要职能。按察使司行使的其他职责,如驿站管理、风俗教化等所占用的按察使的时间是非常有限的,因此把他们统归到一般行政职能之中。清代按察使司为省一级的司法、监察机关,但是,它却不是省一级最高的、独立的司法、监察机关。省一级最高的司法、监察机关为总督,总督拥有着徒案审理的决定权和流案、死刑案件的地方最高复核权。千百年来,中国古代的司法权始终是附着于行政权力而存在的,按察使的司法权也附着于总督、巡抚的行政权而存在。总督、巡抚对案件的意见和态度往往决定着按察使对整个案件的处理结果。因此,笔者认为清代按察使司的性质为省一级的专门司法、监察机关,但非省一级最高的、独立的司法、监察机关。
[Abstract]:As an important part of the history of ancient Chinese legal system. In the Qing Dynasty, it was established as a special judicial and supervisory institution at the provincial level, responsible for the review of criminal cases above the provincial level and the supervision and examination of officials. In the Qing Dynasty, the main functions of the department were judicial review, autumn trial, public security management, prison management, supervision, post station management, custom education and so on (more precisely, it was a function of judicial review, autumn trial, public security management, prison management, post station management, custom education, etc.) The author identified the Qing Dynasty as a special judicial and supervisory organ at the provincial level. This is because most of the time and work of the envoy is carried out around the review of the case, and the vast majority of cases in which the Department exercises the supervisory function also discover problems existing in the officials during the case review, and then exercise the supervisory power. Autumn trial, public security management and prison management function is also a natural extension of the ancient great judicial function, can be included in the judicial function. Thus, according to the Qing Dynasty, one of the nature of the special judicial organs. In exercising his supervisory function, the Secretary for Security can exercise his supervisory power on his own initiative, in addition to finding in the case review that there are doubts in a particular case or other breach of procedure in order to monitor the officials. This kind of active supervisory function can be divided into three ways: to carry out the supervisory function according to the active and secret visit of the emissary, to find the unreasonable place in the case through the review of the case, and then to have detailed reference; Regular assessment of officials in the province. The active exercise of the supervisory function is not covered by the judicial function. Therefore, the author listed it as an important function independent of the judicial function. The other duties performed by the Ministry, such as the management of the post, custom and so on, were limited in their time and were therefore grouped under general administrative functions. In the Qing Dynasty, it was the provincial judicial and supervisory organ, but it was not the highest and independent judicial and supervisory organ at the provincial level. The highest judicial authority at the provincial level is the Governor, who has the power to decide on the trial of apocalypse, and the highest power to review death penalty cases at the local level. For thousands of years, the judicial power of ancient China was always attached to the administrative power, according to the judicial power attached to the Governor and the governor's executive power. Governor, the governor's opinion and attitude to the case often determine the outcome of the case as a whole. Therefore, the author thinks that the nature of the Qing Dynasty is the special judicial and supervisory organs at the provincial level, but not the highest and independent judicial and supervisory organs at the provincial level.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2009
【分类号】：D929

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