美国堕胎立法之历史沿革

发布时间：2018-05-11 17:12

本文选题：美国 + 堕胎立法　；参考：《华东政法大学》2010年硕士论文

【摘要】： 堕胎问题自古以来就属于争议性较大的议题之一,无论在时间上的历史演变还是在空间上的世界各地,堕胎问题都有着巨大的影响力。在美国这样一个崇尚个人自由主义和信奉宗教信仰自由的国家,堕胎问题更是能引起民众的关注。虽然在美国堕胎问题本质上属于政治问题,但是美国司法系统的介入使其在表面上呈现出法律问题的属性,因此本文从法律角度来分析堕胎问题,以罗伊案为轴心构建了一幅美国堕胎立法历史沿革的三维图像,深刻揭示了美国最高法院在堕胎立法上巨大的影响,系统的描述了罗伊案前后美国堕胎立法变化和历史沿革。同时本文还深入分析美国堕胎立法进程之中的各种因素,其中政治因素占据了主导地位,这也是堕胎问题的本质属性所决定的,从白宫到国会再到各州,多姿多彩的政治力量通过自己的方式影响的美国堕胎立法的发展。当然本文也注意到了美国的宗教以及以自由女性主义为代表的各种社会潮流在美国堕胎立法中的重要角色,并予以论述。本文一共分为四章,第一章首先介绍了古代法、教会法和英国法中有关堕胎问题的规定,为读者展现出堕胎问题在较早时期内的情况。其中详细的论述了英国普通法中有关堕胎问题所适用的“胎动原则”,其也是美国早期堕胎立法的基础。第二章以罗伊案为时间节点,系统的介绍了罗伊案前后美国堕胎立法的详细情况:十九世纪中期以前,美国堕胎立法大都遵循英国普通法中的“胎动原则”,对妇女的堕胎限制较为宽松;到十九世纪中期至二十世纪中期,由于三种力量的影响,美国堕胎立法摒弃了“胎动原则”,对妇女堕胎进行了相对严格的限制;前段时期对堕胎严格限制导致了罗伊案之前美国民众对于解放妇女堕胎限制的呼声高涨,间接导致了最高法院关于罗伊案的判决。联邦最高法院在罗伊案中提出了隐私权的概念,将妇女堕胎权以隐私权的内涵赋予了宪法上的价值,布莱克蒙法官更是提出了“三阶段理论”来保护妇女堕胎权利。罗伊案引发了美国民众关于生命还是选择的巨大争议和分歧,罗伊案之后的美国堕胎立法也在摇摆中艰难的前进着。第三章主要论述了美国堕胎立法沿革中,特别是罗伊案之后的美国堕胎立法中的政治因素的影响,从总统和国会的各种方式的介入,到各州层面上对堕胎问题的干预,我们可以从中看出堕胎问题政治性的本质属性,揭示了政治因素在美国堕胎立法中的巨大力量。第四章论述了美国堕胎立法沿革中其他因素的影响,比如宗教因素和自由女性主义因素,这些因素也是不能忽视的,和政治因素一起引导着美国堕胎立法的进程。
[Abstract]:Abortion has been one of the most controversial issues since ancient times. In America, a country of individual liberalism and religious freedom, abortion is a matter of particular concern. Although abortion is essentially a political issue in the United States, the intervention of the judicial system in the United States makes it appear to be a legal issue, so this paper analyzes abortion from a legal point of view. Taking Roy case as the axis, this paper constructs a three-dimensional image of the history of abortion legislation in the United States, which deeply reveals the great influence of the Supreme Court on abortion legislation, and systematically describes the changes and historical evolution of the abortion legislation in the United States before and after Roy's case. At the same time, this paper also makes a thorough analysis of various factors in the process of abortion legislation in the United States, in which political factors occupy a dominant position, which is also determined by the nature of the abortion issue, from the White House to the Congress to the states. Colorful political forces influence the development of American abortion legislation in their own way. Of course, this paper also pays attention to the important role of American religion and various social trends represented by liberal feminism in American abortion legislation. This paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter introduces the provisions of ancient law, church law and English law on abortion, showing readers the situation of abortion in the early period. It discusses in detail the "fetal movement principle" applicable to abortion in the common law of England, which is also the basis of the early abortion legislation in the United States. The second chapter takes Roy case as the time node, systematically introduces the detailed situation of American abortion legislation before and after Roy case: before the middle of the 19th century, American abortion legislation mostly followed the "fetal movement principle" in the common law of England. From the middle of the nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, because of the influence of three kinds of forces, American abortion legislation abandoned the "principle of gestational movement" and imposed relatively strict restrictions on women's abortion. Earlier restrictions on abortion led to a surge in calls to liberate women from abortion before the Roy case, indirectly leading to the Supreme Court's ruling on Roy. The Supreme Court of Justice put forward the concept of privacy in Roy's case, which assigns constitutional value to women's right to abortion with the connotation of privacy. Judge Blackmont also put forward the "three-stage theory" to protect women's right to abortion. The Roy case has sparked a huge debate and disagreement about life or choice, and the American abortion legislation after Roy's case is struggling to move forward. The third chapter mainly discusses the influence of political factors in the evolution of American abortion legislation, especially after the Roy case, from the intervention of the President and Congress in various ways to the intervention of abortion at the state level. We can see the nature of the political nature of abortion and reveal the great power of political factors in American abortion legislation. The fourth chapter discusses the influence of other factors in the evolution of abortion legislation in the United States, such as religious factors and liberal feminism factors, which can not be ignored, and together with political factors lead the process of abortion legislation in the United States.
【学位授予单位】：华东政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D971.2

【引证文献】