民国司法检验的制度转型及其司法实践

发布时间：2018-05-11 22:03

本文选题：仵作验尸 + 《洗冤录》　；参考：《社会科学研究》2013年04期

【摘要】：清季审理刑狱多以仵作行检验,奉《洗冤录》为圭臬。近世以来,传统检验奉行的"仵作验尸"显然不足应对变革之需。在此背景下,自清末以至民国,官方皆有司法检验改良之举。南京国民政府成立以后,民国司法、卫生部门大力培植法医取代传统检验吏,稳步推进司法鉴定的近代转型。不过,在司法实践中,这种朝向近代的转型却遭遇颇多困扰。这种困扰至少表现在三个方面:其一,法医培植人数有限,不足以应对基层司法检验。民国司法检验究其实际大多仍操于旧式检验吏之手。其二,新式法医与法官、检验吏存在人事冲突,以致有"边缘化"的倾向。其三,受司法检验制度制约,"鉴定人"的选取与"鉴定结论"的权威不时引发争执,导致司法鉴定的公正性和权威性严重削弱。司法检验直接关系司法公正,透过民国司法检验的困境,不难观察民国司法改良的成效与制度转型的艰难。
[Abstract]:In the Qing Dynasty, most of the jails were examined by the grave-diggers. Since modern times, the traditional examination of the "coroner's autopsy" is clearly inadequate to meet the need for change. In this context, from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, the government has improved judicial inspection. After the establishment of the Nanjing National Government, the judicial and health departments of the Republic of China vigorously cultivated forensic experts to replace the traditional examiners and steadily promoted the modern transformation of judicial expertise. However, in judicial practice, this transition to modern times encountered quite a lot of trouble. There are at least three aspects to this problem: first, the limited number of forensic training is not enough to deal with the grass-roots judicial examination. In fact, the judicial inspection of the Republic of China is still in the hands of the old examiner. Secondly, there are personnel conflicts between new forensic doctors and judges and examiners, so that they tend to be marginalized. Thirdly, restricted by the judicial inspection system, the selection of "expert" and the authority of "expert conclusion" cause disputes from time to time, leading to a serious weakening of the impartiality and authority of judicial expertise. Judicial examination is directly related to judicial justice. Through the dilemma of judicial inspection in the Republic of China, it is not difficult to observe the effect of judicial reform and the difficulty of system transformation in the Republic of China.
【作者单位】：西南科技大学文学院;
【基金】：国家社会科学基金后期资助项目“民国医患关系的演进与医疗行政体制的转型——以医事纠纷为中心的讨论”(09FZS009)
【分类号】：D929;K262.9

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