日本明治宪法研究

发布时间：2018-05-27 15:28

本文选题：明治宪法 + 宪政　；参考：《西南政法大学》2013年硕士论文

【摘要】：19世纪后期，日本在内忧外患的历史环境下走上了宪政之路，开创了亚洲立宪主义的先河。1889年，日本颁布了历史上第一部宪法，即《明治宪法》，它是对日本历史文化的传承和对西方政治的有限接纳的产物。每一部宪法的诞生都无法脱离本国的历史文化传统而存在。由于在明治宪法颁布之前的日本处于德川幕府时代，其实权掌握在将军手中，这为立宪主义在日本的成功推行提供了先天的生存条件。本文共分为五部分：第一部分，明治宪法的创制背景。《明治宪法》的出现有着特定的历史背景。日本的传统文化、社会根源、思想渊源以及外部势力无不对它的诞生产生深刻的影响。本文围绕政治背景和思想渊源两个方面展开论述。政治背景以历史发展的阶段性分为幕府统治的腐败、西方列强的入侵和自由民权运动的推动三个方面。证实了明治宪法的出现正是基于本国政治发展的需要。在思想渊源方面西方列强的入侵，日本打开国门，各种西方宪政思想传入并得到广泛的传播，结合日本亘古不变的绝对主义思想，形成了明治宪法特有的思想渊源。第二部分，明治宪法的制定。在制宪的预备阶段，明治政府采取了各项准备措施，包括官制改革、实行地方自治、整顿财政等，为明治宪法的出现铺平道路。在宪法的起草阶段，众多的私拟宪法草案、昙花一现的元老院国宪以及众说纷纭的各参议宪法意见书的出现，为明治宪法的诞生起到了良好的参考作用。岩仓使节团对欧美各国政治考察之后，在各方势力相互妥协的基础上确立了明治宪法的模式。随之而来的是宪法的出台。第三部分，明治宪法的主要内容。依据文本深入分析了明治宪法中人民享有的各项基本权利义务和明治宪法权力安排的内部结构、各自的职权、运作方式、以及权力制衡机制。第四部分，明治宪法的影响。宪法的生命在于实施，否则只是一纸空文。明治宪法实施之后产生了深远的影响。一方面是对日本后来宪法的影响，具体包括天皇制的保留、内阁制的延续和地方自治制的传承。另一方面是明治宪法对清末立宪的影响，包括清末制宪在方法、路径和内容上对明治宪法的仿效。第五部分是对明治宪法的评价。本文采用辩证主义的方法进行分析、论述，认为它是对本国历史文化传承和对西方宪政思想的有限接纳的产物。
[Abstract]:In the late 19th century, Japan embarked on the road of constitutionalism under the historical environment of internal and external troubles, which opened the way of constitutionalism in Asia. In 1889, Japan promulgated the first constitution in its history. The Meiji Constitution is the product of the inheritance of Japanese history and culture and the limited acceptance of western politics. The birth of each constitution can not be separated from the country's historical and cultural traditions and exist. Since Japan was in the Tokugawa period before the Meiji Constitution was promulgated, the power was in the hands of the general, which provided the innate living conditions for the successful implementation of constitutionalism in Japan. This paper is divided into five parts: The first part, the background of the Meiji Constitution. The emergence of the Meiji Constitution has a specific historical background. Japan's traditional culture, social roots, ideological origins and external forces have a profound impact on its birth. This paper focuses on two aspects: political background and ideological origin. The political background is divided into three aspects: corruption of shogunate rule, invasion of western powers and promotion of liberal civil rights movement. Confirmed that the Meiji Constitution is based on the needs of political development in the country. In terms of ideological origin, the invasion of Western powers, the opening of the country to Japan, the introduction and widespread dissemination of various western constitutional thoughts, and the combination of Japan's everlasting absolutism, formed the unique ideological origin of the Meiji Constitution. The second part, the formulation of Meiji Constitution. In the preparatory stage of the constitution, the Meiji government took various preparatory measures, including the reform of the official system, the implementation of local autonomy, and the consolidation of finance, which paved the way for the emergence of the Meiji Constitution. In the drafting stage of the constitution, the emergence of numerous private draft constitution, the short-lived Senate constitution and the opinions of various participating constitutions played a good reference role for the birth of the Meiji Constitution. After studying the politics of Europe and America, Iwakura established the model of Meiji Constitution on the basis of mutual compromise. Then came the constitution. The third part, the main content of Meiji Constitution. According to the text, this paper analyzes the basic rights and obligations of the people in the Meiji Constitution, the internal structure of the power arrangement of the Meiji Constitution, their respective functions and powers, the operation mode, and the power check and balance mechanism. The fourth part, the influence of Meiji Constitution. The life of the Constitution lies in its implementation, otherwise it is nothing more than a piece of paper. After the Meiji Constitution came into effect, it had a profound influence. On the one hand, it influences the constitution of Japan, including the retention of the imperial system, the continuation of the cabinet system and the inheritance of the local autonomy system. On the other hand, the influence of Meiji Constitution on the constitution of the late Qing Dynasty, including the emulation of the Meiji Constitution in methods, ways and contents. The fifth part is the evaluation of Meiji Constitution. In this paper, the dialectical method is used to analyze and expound that it is the product of the inheritance of our country's history and culture and the limited acceptance of western constitutional thought.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2013
【分类号】：D931.3

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