官当制度初探

发布时间：2019-02-21 14:13

【摘要】：官当制度萌芽于秦汉，正式确立在两晋，唐朝时发展最为完善，在宋朝之后消失。官当制度是中国古代独有的产物。其产生和发展的基础有着深刻的历史基础、思想文化基础和政治基础。战国至汉初的时期的“爵当”是官当制度的历史基础，而晋以后官当制度产生和存续则有着深厚的思想文化基础及政治基础。秦汉代时的爵当制度是后世官当制度的最初形态，爵当制度与官当制度都是特权制度，两者虽然在背景基础上有许多不同之处，但实质上均是以身份——以爵秩或者官品折抵刑罚，因此，两者于性质上具有共同性。所以将爵当视为官当的最初形态。两晋时期，官当制度正式产生，始见于晋律，西晋立法上的引礼入律以及氏族豪门势力的兴盛是官当制度产生于这一时期的原因。从两晋到南北朝，官当制度已经具有了基本的形态。隋朝官当制度有了更进一步的发展，到唐朝官当制度达到最完备的形态。宋朝延续唐制，在制度基本上没有变化，但在宋朝中后期由于“姑息之政”和“进士轻薄”现象的影响，使得礼治积重难返，统治者开始严惩贪腐，出现废止官当制度的声音，但是迄宋一朝，未有发现官当制度消失的文献资料。元朝不再延续官当制度，明朝上接汉唐，但也没有延续官当制度，清从明制。说明古代社会发展至此，官当制度已经不适宜社会发展的需求。官当制度在广义上来说包括官当、除名、免所居官、免官等情形。本文对官当制度的内涵和外延进行了分析概括。在内涵方面，本文总结了官当制度狭义的概念和广义概念所包含的内容，明确官当制度的性质为特权制度；在外延方面，则详细理清官当制度的适用条件，禁止适用条件和具体适用程序。本文还对官当制度发展各阶段内容的变化进行分析，，比较战国秦至汉初“爵当”制度与晋以来“官当”制度的不同之处，分析隋朝对两晋南北朝时期官当制度内容的发展及唐朝对隋朝官当制度的发展，并且针对唐朝和西晋“除名”、“免官”比徒的不同之处进行分析。官当制度既是践行儒家思想，有助于维护统治秩序的制度；也是姑息之政，不利于吏治，并且助长官本位思想的制度。分析官当制度的发展和消亡，对于我们今天的社会主义法治建设应有所启发。现代社会摒弃特权思想，在法律制定和实行上应当避免维护特权的做法。对于当代一些变相的“官当”行为，人们应该保持警惕。
[Abstract]:Official system sprout in the Qin and Han dynasties, formally established in the Jin Dynasty, the most perfect development in the Tang Dynasty, disappeared after the Song Dynasty. Official system is a unique product of ancient China. The foundation of its emergence and development has a profound historical basis, ideological and cultural basis and political basis. The period from warring States to the early Han Dynasty was the historical basis of the official system, and the emergence and existence of the system had a profound ideological and cultural basis and political basis. The Jue Dang system in the Qin and Han dynasties was the initial form of the later officialdom system. Both the Jue Dang system and the officialdom system were privileged, although there were many differences between the two systems on the basis of background. But in essence, they are all in the form of status-to the rank of viscount or to the official goods, so the two have the same character in nature. As a result, it was regarded as the initial form of official duty. In the period of Jin Dynasty, the official system came into being, only in the law of the Jin Dynasty, the legislation of the Western Jin Dynasty and the prosperity of the powerful clan forces were the reasons for the emergence of the official system in this period. From the Jin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern dynasties, the official system has a basic form. Sui Dynasty official system has a further development, to the Tang Dynasty when the system to achieve the most complete form. The continuation of the Tang system in the Song Dynasty basically did not change in the system. However, due to the influence of the phenomenon of "palliative government" and "jinshi frivolity" in the middle and late Song dynasties, it was not easy to solve the long-term accumulation of the rule of etiquette, and the rulers began to severely punish corruption, and there was a sound of abolishing the official system. But up to the Song Dynasty, there was no literature on the disappearance of the official system. The Yuan Dynasty no longer continued the official system, the Ming Dynasty followed the Han and Tang dynasties, but also did not extend the official system, the Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system. To explain the ancient social development so far, the official system has not been suitable for social development needs. In a broad sense, the official system includes official deregistration, removal from residence, removal from office, and so on. This paper analyzes and generalizes the connotation and extension of the official system. In terms of connotation, this paper summarizes the narrow concept of the official system and the content of the broad concept, making it clear that the nature of the official system is a privileged system; In the aspect of extension, it clarifies the applicable conditions of the official system in detail, prohibits the applicable conditions and the concrete application procedure. This paper also analyzes the changes of the contents of various stages of the development of the official system, and compares the differences between the "Jue Dang" system in the early warring States period and the "official when" system in the early period of the warring States period and since the Jin Dynasty. This paper analyzes the development of the official system in the Sui Dynasty and the Sui Dynasty in the Southern and Northern dynasties and the Tang Dynasty in the Sui Dynasty, and analyzes the differences between the Tang Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty. The official system is not only the system of practicing Confucianism and helping to maintain the ruling order, but also the system of appeasement, which is unfavorable to the administration of officials and encourages the thought of official standard. The analysis of the development and extinction of the official system should inspire our socialist construction of the rule of law today. In modern society, the idea of privilege should be abandoned and the practice of protection of privilege should be avoided. People should be on guard against contemporary disguised "official" behavior.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：D929

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