康德法哲学思想浅析

发布时间：2019-03-01 19:13

【摘要】： 康德,在西方哲学史上的地位,自不待我辈言,在哲学界素有“道不尽的康德”之称谓,然而,他的法哲学在西方法学史的地位如何呢?他的法哲学是否像其哲学那样具有原创性呢?还是像某些论者(如新康德主义法学派)认为的并没有原创性,只不过是某种理论(近代古典自然法学派)的翻版呢?他的法哲学和他的批判哲学是否具有理论上的一致性,属于一种批判理性的法哲学呢?还是存在某种断裂,是一种独断的,非批判的理论呢? 这些都是本文所要回答的基本问题。本文首先通过疏理康德批判哲学的要义,确定了人的现象和本体二重性,人的理论理性和实践理性的二维运用,以及实践理性相对理论理性的优先性,认为康德的批判哲学为康德的法哲学提供了最基本的,具有拱顶石意义的概念即人的自由本体,实践理性及其对理论理性的优先性,只有首先确定了这几个概念,康德的法哲学才成为可能,从这个意义上说,康德的法哲学不仅不和其批判哲学相断裂,而且是和他的批判哲学具有本质的关联性,康德的法哲学不是独断的,而是建立在批判哲学基础上的。其次,本文论述了批判哲学在康德法哲学中的体现,认为无论是康德对法的内涵的界定如法哲学和道德哲学的关系,法哲学和法理学的区分,法的定义,法律权利和法律义务的分类等等,还是他的部门法哲学思想如康德对物权的先验演绎,对国家权力正当性的论证等等,都需要在批判哲学的理论语境下才能得到正确理解。最后,在上述论述的基础上,通过把康德的法哲学和以霍布斯为代表的近代古典自然法学相比较,得出结论:康德的法哲学是理性自然法,它通过理性批判改造并提升了近代古典自然法学的层次,以“自由意志之法”扬弃“自然欲望之法”,以“实践理性之法”扬弃“纯然意志之法”,以“合目的性之法”扬弃“无根之法”,从而实现了对近代古典自然法的超越,并在一定程度上回归了古代的自然法传统。
[Abstract]:Kant, his position in the history of western philosophy, does not treat me for a long time. In the field of philosophy, Kant is known as "inexhaustible Kant". However, what is the status of his philosophy of law in the history of western jurisprudence? Is his philosophy of law as original as his philosophy? Or is it, as some commentators (such as the neo-Kantian school of law) think, that it is not original, but merely a copy of a theory (modern classical school of natural law)? Does his philosophy of law and his critical philosophy have theoretical consistency and belong to a kind of critical rational philosophy of law? Or is there a certain fracture, an arbitrary, non-critical theory? These are the basic questions to be answered in this paper. First of all, this paper determines the duality of human phenomenon and ontology, the two-dimensional application of human theoretical rationality and practical rationality, and the priority of practical rationality relative to theoretical rationality through the essential meaning of Kant's critical philosophy. The author thinks that Kant's critical philosophy has provided the most basic and arched meaning for Kant's philosophy of law, that is, the free ontology of human beings, practical rationality and its priority to theoretical rationality. Kant's philosophy of law is only possible. In this sense, Kant's philosophy of law is not only not separated from his critical philosophy, but also has an essential relevance with his critical philosophy. Kant's philosophy of law is not arbitrary. It is based on critical philosophy. Secondly, this paper discusses the embodiment of critical philosophy in Kant's philosophy of law, and holds that whether Kant defines the connotation of law, such as the relationship between philosophy of law and philosophy of morality, the distinction between philosophy of law and jurisprudence, and the definition of law, The classification of legal rights and legal obligations and so on, or his philosophy of law, such as Kant's transcendental deduction of real rights, the demonstration of the legitimacy of state power, and so on, need to be correctly understood in the theoretical context of critical philosophy. Finally, on the basis of the above discussion, by comparing Kant's philosophy of law with the modern classical natural law represented by Hobbes, the author draws the conclusion that Kant's philosophy of law is rational natural law, and that Kant's philosophy of law is rational natural law. It has reformed and promoted the level of modern classical natural jurisprudence through rational criticism, sublation of "law of natural desire" by "the law of free will", and "law of pure will" by "law of practical reason". In order to achieve the transcendence of the modern classical natural law and to some extent return to the ancient tradition of natural law, the "law without roots" has been subdued by "the law according to the purpose", thus realizing the transcendence of the classical natural law in modern times.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2010
【分类号】：D909

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