星座法院研究

发布时间：2018-03-06 04:38

  本文选题：谘议会　切入点：星座法院　出处：《湘潭大学》2012年博士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：星座法院是英国历史上颇负盛名的特权法院，它并不是由制定法所建立。在16世纪中期它呈现出一个独立的司法法院特征之前，一直就是国王的谘议会。国王谘议会是诺曼和安茹国王王廷的直系后裔。在中世纪王廷逐渐分化，大部分司法职能赋予了三大普通法中央法院，谘议会逐渐成为一个谘议性、行政性的机构。但是，谘议会仍然行使着为国王所保留的“剩余司法权”。从亨利3时期开始，谘议会在人员构成上逐渐开始明确化。最初，谘议会并没有拥有在其他法院的之外的管辖权领域，随着普通法的僵化，谘议会和大法官才开始对超出普通法领域的案件或普通法救济不力的案件进行管辖。谘议会所使用的诉讼程序也和普通法有所不同，最大的区别就在于不采用陪审团。随着谘议会管辖权的扩张以及使用不同于普通法的程序，中世纪的普通法法院和议会一直对谘议会的司法权加以限制，但是从未在精确限制其界限上获得成功。然而，有一项重要的限制得以明确，即谘议会不得处理由普通处理的自由保有问题，也不得处理可能判处死刑或者没收自由保有地的叛逆和重罪案件，这一限制也成为日后星座法院独立后的核心限制。 到了都铎时期，谘议会成为新王朝恢复国家和平的重要重要手段，对此，都铎新君充分的利用其谘议会的司法权，并以制定法对其进行明确和强化，其中最重要的是1487年法案，在1641年长期议会废除星座法院时，主张的理由就是星座法院是由该法案所建立的。然而事实是，星座法院并非由该法案所建。 随着谘议会司法功能的复兴，谘议会逐渐分化，在16世纪中期以后，位于威斯敏斯特并主要从事司法事务的谘议会分支发展成星座法院，而跟随国王的并主要从事行政工作的谘议会分支成为枢密院。尽管二者肩负的职责并不相同，但是从本质上看，都是整个谘议会的组成部分。在都铎时期，星座法院对各种扰乱社会安定的犯罪进行严厉的打击，其和议会以及普通法法院之间关系也较为融洽，这些都大大的帮助了都铎社会的稳定和发展，促进了英国由中世纪向现代领土国家的转型，因而被爱德华科克誉为“基督教世界中除议会外最高贵的法院。”但是在斯图亚特时期，当国家分化出王党和议会党这两个政治派别时，星座法院就成为了最有效的特权政府工具，其从都铎时期正义的实现地变成了宗教迫害和打击政治犯的暴徒，典型的例子如普林案。最终，在1641年的长期议会走向覆灭。 星座法院的司法程序具有重要的特点——两面性，一方面，不采用贯彻弹劾原则的普通法陪审团制，而是采用具有较强纠问色彩的大陆法法官审理模式。另一方面，星座法院常规的诉讼程序在答辩方式、审判公开、辩护自由以及允许被告获得律师帮助等方面体现着普通法的因素。这个两面性为英国普通法借鉴大陆法观念提供了桥梁。对此，必须从历史和比较的角度对英国普通法和欧洲大陆法，普通法和谘议会特权司法进行解读。应当看到，星座法院程序的双面性特征存在着内在的冲突和张力，程序规则本身缺少限制最终导致星座法院在斯图亚特时期成为专制暴虐的工具，因而最终被普通法所战胜。 星座法院的司法实践同样对英国相关的实体法律产生了影响，如在国王及其仆臣的管辖归属，以及对伪造、伪证、欺诈、助讼等犯罪的界定和处理方式上。 星座法院从正义的代言人到暴虐的转变体现出一个法治发展的悖论，即普通的制度规则发展到一定阶段达到定型化之后，，也会伴随着自我僵化——尤其是在程序领域产生“作茧自缚”的效应。为了满足外部环境提出的要求，一些能够弥补旧制度不足的新规则便应运而生，而且新的规则往往具有较强的灵活性和较少的限制。对于环境带来的变化，新的制度规则往往因其弹性设计而能够更好的实现制度设计者的预期目标。但是，随着新制度产生的条件发生改变，这样的规则往往沦为权力滥用的工具，最终又不得不回归常态的制度规则。
[Abstract]:The court is the sign of British history famous privilege court, it is not established by statute. Before mid sixteenth Century it showed an independent judicial court, has been the king's Council. The Council is a direct descendant of King Norman and King Wang Ting of Anjou. In medieval kingship gradually most of the judicial function differentiation, gives the three common law court of the Central Council, becoming a consultative, administrative institutions. However, the Council still exercised for the king retained the "residual jurisdiction". From the beginning of the 3 period of Henry, the Council in the staff composition gradually clear. First, the Council did not have in the other court outside the jurisdiction of the common law, with the rigid Council and justice began to go beyond the field of common law cases or common law relief cases were ineffective tube Jurisdiction. Consultative clubs use procedure and common law is different, the biggest difference lies in the jury court. With the expansion of jurisdiction and is different from the common law procedure, the medieval common law courts and parliament has been on the court jurisdiction to limit, but never in precise limit the boundaries of success. However, there is an important limitation to be clear, the Council shall be handled by the ordinary processing of freehold, nor treatment may be sentenced to death or confiscation of freehold land of treason and felony cases, this restriction has become a core limit after court constellation after independence.
In the Tudor period, the Council has become an important means of the new dynasty and restore peace in the country in this regard, the Council of the judicial power by the new king Tudor fully, and to establish the method for its clear and improved, of which the most important is the act of 1487, the Long Parliament abolished the constellation court in 1641, stands for reason is the constellation court was established by the bill. But the fact is not built by the court, sign the bill.
With the revival of the judicial function of the Council, the Council has differentiation, in mid sixteenth Century, is located in Westminster and mainly engaged in Judicial Affairs Council branch into sign and follow the king's court, and is mainly engaged in administrative work of the Council branch into the Privy Council. Although the two responsibilities are not the same, but in essence look, are part of the whole Council. During the Tudor period, the court of various constellations disrupt social stability crime severely hit, and the common law courts between the Parliament and the relationship is more harmonious, which greatly help the stability and development of the society, promote the transition from the middle ages to modern Britain the territory of the country, and praised by Edward Kirk as "the Christian world in addition to outside parliament the most noble court." but in the Stuart period, when the country divided out King party The two party and parliamentary political parties, the court has become a privileged government sign the most effective tool, its realization from Tudor justice into religious persecution and political prisoners against the mob, typical examples of Princeton case. Finally, in the Long Parliament in 1641 to cover off.
鏄熷骇娉曢櫌鐨勫徃娉曠▼搴忓叿鏈夐噸瑕佺殑鐗圭偣鈥斺

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