清末监狱改良研究

发布时间：2018-05-29 00:00

本文选题：清末 + 监狱改良　；参考：《山东大学》2012年硕士论文

【摘要】：1840年,随着鸦片战争的爆发,古老的中国社会发生了一次重大的变化,那就是封闭独立的完全封建性的中国被迫走向世界,开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会,清朝的政权性质也由此转变为半殖民地半封建的性质。清末的监狱制度也被打上了半殖民地半封建社会的烙印,传统的封建监狱制度拉开了改革的帷幕。受西方列强国家法律文化的影响,清廷监狱改良的主持者们对中国传统的司法狱政制度进行了改良,并且取得了一定的成果,在制度层面上来说,完成了从封建狱制到资本主义狱制的转变,在中国的监狱历史上具有里程碑的意义。因此,研究清末监狱改良,对于正确把握中国监狱制度转变的脉络和正确认识监狱制度从封建狱制向资本主义狱制的转变具有重要意义。文章共分为四个部分。第一部分阐述了清末监狱改良的内外动因。在内因方面,主要论述了前清监狱制度的腐朽黑暗、资产阶级革命运动的推动和预备立宪运动的推动等三方面因素。清朝是封建社会的最后一个封建王朝,在两千多年的狱政经验积累中,清朝狱制已经相当成熟,但随着封建专制统治的即将结束,清朝的狱制也更加黑暗,监狱环境恶劣、狱吏贪赃枉法等等各种原因,都使得沿用几千年的封建狱制难以为继。同时,因主权的大量丧失,民族危机日益加深,这就促使了早期改良思潮的兴起和资产阶级民主革命运动的兴起,而清政府为了遏制革命形势以维护摇摇欲之的封建统治就不得不打出预备立宪的口号,于是达成了监狱改良的共识。在外因方面,主要阐述了帝国主义国家的侵略需求、西方资本主义国家监狱改良的的影响和国际政治关系的刺激等三个方面的因素。鸦片战争以后,各帝国主义国家在军事、政治、经济等方面撷取了大量特权,中国人民的主权遭到肆意践踏、中国司法主权的完整性也遭到了严重破坏,于是资产阶级改良派强烈要求改良中国旧有的监狱制度。随着帝国主义的侵略,西方资产阶级自由、平等、博爱的法律观念也传入中国,人们接触到了西方监狱制度的先进,更加清楚地认识到本国监狱的落后；而且中国因刑罚残酷、狱制黑暗而受到国际社会的强烈指责并成为列强夺取司法特权的借口,为了改变中国司法在国际社会上的卑微地位,清政府下定决心进行改良。文章第二部分主要论述了清末监狱改良中“中体西用”的指导思想以及具有代表性的沈家本和张之洞的监狱改良主张。“中体西用”即“中学为体,西学为用”,主张在不改变封建专制制度的前提下,就某些方法进行适当的变通,以继续维持原有的统治秩序。于是通过考察西方新式监狱的管理思想,找到了中国监狱管理思想的转变方向。在论述沈家本和张之洞的监狱改良主张中,重点阐述了他们在筹建模范监狱、储备监狱管理人才、加强感化教育等方面的内容。文章第三部分主要论述了清末监狱改良的具体措施。首先,大量翻译西方法规,以借鉴西方法律中先进的制度和观念,开阔国人眼界,更新国人观念,并且修订和创制了许多监狱法规。其次,改革监狱管理机构。对中国封建各王朝历来狱政与行政不分,审判与行政合一,监察与司法行政相互掺杂的模式进行了改变,根据“三权分立”原则,使行政和司法分开,狱政有专职负责。再次,注重培养监狱管理人才。主持者认识到如果没有专业素质高尚的狱吏作为保障,再好的监狱制度也不能保证正常的实施,所以系统培养监狱管理高级人才‘意义重大。最后,组织筹建模范监狱,以改变监狱的环境、加强感化监狱并教习罪犯工艺,使罪犯能在服刑期间得到彻底的改造。文章第四部分是对清末监狱改良活动进行了评价。从具体措施上来看,清末监狱改良制定了我国第一部监狱法典,培育了大批的新式监狱管理人才,这些都为中国监狱的近代转型奠定了基础；从思想方面来看,监狱改良冲击了国人顽固的守旧思想,使人们开阔了眼界,更新了观念,对监狱功能有了新的理解。但是从实际效果上来看,因为改良执行缺乏力度和传统的监狱观念仍然根深蒂固,所以绝大多数监狱的状况并没有得到多大改善,一些封建监狱的陋习依然存在,远远为达到人民所预期的效果,这场标志着中国法制近代化的运动无疑是失败的。清末监狱改良在清末新政过程中占有极其重要的位置,并且具有相当的进步意义和历史教训,这些对中国后来的监狱立法和司法实践都产生了重大的影响。
[Abstract]:In 1840, with the outbreak of the Opium War, the ancient Chinese society had a major change, that is, the closed, independent and completely feudal China was forced to go to the world, and began to fall into a semi colonial and semi feudal society, and the nature of the Qing Dynasty was transformed into a semi colonial and semi feudal nature. The prison system at the end of the Qing Dynasty was also hit. In the semi colonial and semi feudal society, the traditional feudal prison system opened the curtain of the reform. Influenced by the legal culture of the Western powers, the reformed presiding officers of the Qing Dynasty prison improved the traditional Chinese judicial prison system and achieved certain results. At the institutional level, the feudal prison was completed from the feudal prison. The transformation of the capitalist prison system has a milestone in the history of China's prison. Therefore, the study of prison improvement in the late Qing Dynasty is of great significance to correctly grasp the context of the transformation of the Chinese prison system and to correctly understand the transformation of the prison system from the feudal prison system to the capitalist prison system.
The article is divided into four parts. The first part expounds the internal and external causes of prison improvement in the late Qing Dynasty. In the aspects of internal causes, it mainly discusses the decadent darkness of the prison system in the former Qing Dynasty, the promotion of the bourgeois revolutionary movement and the promotion of the preparation of the constitutional movement. The Qing Dynasty was the last feudal dynasty in the feudal society, and in more than two thousand years. In the accumulation of prison administration experience, the Qing Dynasty prison system has been quite mature, but with the end of the feudal autocratic rule, the prison system of the Qing Dynasty is darker, the prison environment is bad, the prison officials are corrupt and so on all kinds of reasons, which make it difficult to follow the feudal prison system for thousands of years. At the same time, because of the loss of sovereignty, the national crisis is deepening day by day. The rise of the early improvement trend of thought and the rise of the bourgeois democratic revolution movement, and the Qing government, in order to contain the revolutionary situation in order to contain the shakes of the feudal rule, had to play the slogan of preparing the constitutionalism, and reached the consensus of the prison improvement. In the external cause, the main needs to elaborate the invasion demand of the imperialist countries, the West. After the Opium War, the imperialist countries have taken a lot of privileges in military, political, economic and other aspects, and the sovereignty of the Chinese people has been trampled wantonly after the Opium War, and the integrity of China's judicial sovereignty has been seriously damaged, so the assets of the Chinese judicial sovereignty have been seriously damaged. The class reformists strongly demanded the improvement of the old prison system in China. With the invasion of imperialism, western bourgeois freedom, equality, and fraternity have also been introduced into China. People have come into contact with the advanced western prison system and know more clearly the backwardness of their own prisons; and China is subjected to cruel punishment and dark prison system. In order to change the humble status of China's judicature in the international community, the Qing government determined to improve it by the strong accusations from the international community and the excuse of the powers to seize the privileges of the judiciary.
The second part of the article mainly discusses the guiding ideology of "the middle body and the west" in the prison improvement in the late Qing Dynasty, and the representative Shen Jiaben and Zhang Zhidong's prisons improvement proposition. "Middle and western use", "middle school as a body, and Western learning as a use", advocates appropriate changes in some methods on the basis of not changing the feudal autocratic system. Continue to maintain the original rule order, so through the inspection of the management thought of the new western prisons, we found the direction of the transformation of the Chinese prison management thought. In the discussion of Shen Jiaben's and Zhang Zhidong's prisons' reformatory ideas, it emphatically expounded their contents in the preparation of model prisons, the reserve of prison management personnel, and the strengthening of the educational education.
The third part of the article mainly discusses the concrete measures of prison improvement at the end of the Qing Dynasty. First, a large number of western laws and regulations are translated to draw lessons from the advanced systems and concepts in western laws, broaden the vision of the Chinese people, renew the concept of the people, and revise and create many prison regulations. Secondly, the prison administration has been reformed. The prison administration of the feudal dynasties in China has always been in prison. There is no distinction between administration and administration. The mode of mutual doping between trial and administration and the mutual doping of supervision and administration have been changed. According to the principle of separation of three powers, the administration and the judiciary are separated and the prison administration is responsible. Again, the prison management personnel are trained. The host recognizes that if there is no high professional jailer as security, a good prison is realized. The system can not guarantee the normal implementation, so it is of great significance to train the senior prison personnel systematically. Finally, the organization is organizing the model prison to change the prison environment, strengthen the prison and teach the criminal process, so that the criminal can be thoroughly reformed during the period of prison service.
The fourth part of the article is the evaluation of the prison improvement activities in the late Qing Dynasty. From the specific measures, the prison improvement in the late Qing Dynasty made the first prison code in China, which had nurtured a large number of new prison management talents, all of which laid the foundation for the modern transformation of Chinese prisons. From the ideological point of view, the prison improvement impacted the stubbornness of the Chinese people. The old idea has opened up the eye, updated the concept, and has a new understanding of the prison function. But from the actual effect, because of the lack of improvement and the traditional prison concept still deep-rooted, most of the prison conditions have not been greatly improved, the bad habits of some feudal prisons still exist, far away. Far reaching the expected effect of the people, this movement which marked the modernization of Chinese legal system was undoubtedly a failure.
The prison reform in the late Qing Dynasty occupies an extremely important position in the new policy of the late Qing Dynasty, and has considerable progressive significance and historical lessons, which have a great influence on the later prison legislation and judicial practice in China.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2012
【分类号】：D929;D926.7

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